Norman Taylor collection

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Plate I.

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.

EUGENE ALLEN SMITH, Ph. D.,
Statk Geologist.

PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA,

AN ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION, MODES

OF ASSOCIATION, AND ADAPTATIONS OF

THE FLORA OF ALABAMA, TOGETHER

WITH A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE

OF THE PLANTS GROWING

IN THE STATE.

By CHARLES MOHR, Ph. D.

REPRINT OF VOL. VI, CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE U. S. NATIONAL

HERBARIUM, PUBLISHED JULY 31, 1901, BY THE

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Alabama

ALA.BAMA EI)ITI0:N",

WITH PORTRAIT AND BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR.

I'rinted at Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

ALABAMA EDITION

BOUND AND PUBLISHED BY THE BROWN PRINTING CO.,

MONTGOMERY, ALA., OCTOBER, 1901.

.-^

K.1S0

Ml

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

University of Alabama,

August 1, 1901.
To His ExcGllencij, William D.Jclks, Governor of Alabama:

Sir — I liave tlie lionor to transmit herewith a report on
"Plant Life of Alabama," by Charles Mohr, Ph.D., with the
recommendation that it be published as one of the reports of
the Geological Surve3\ In compliance with the requirements
of the law organizing the survey, which makes it the duty of
the State Geologist to ju'epare reports on the Geological, Ag-
ricultural and other natural resources of the State, and in ac-
cordance with the plan outlined in my first report, 1871, this
volume has been prepared hy the one man in the State compe-
tent . to do it. Dr. Mohr in his introduction beyond,
has given a historical sketch of the origin and pro-
gress of the investigations which have led up to the
X)resent report, and to this sketch I will add that" in 1880 we
imblished a list of our combined collections, under the title
"A Preliminary List of the Plants Growing Without Cultiva-
tion in Alabama." In this list were enumerated about 1,500
species and varieties of flowering x)lants and ferns. How much
has been added since that time through Dr. Mohr's efforts
may be seen by comparison with the list in "Plant Life."

The present volume — according to our plan, the first part of
a comprehensive report on the Botanical Resources of
Alabama — is a classified catalogue of our indigenous
and naturalized flora. The second part of this re-
port, on the Economic Botany of the State, to the irre-
parable loss to science in general and to the State in particu-
lar, the author did not live to complete. This proposed vol-
ume was to have been a classified and descriptive catalogue of
all our plants useful for timber, for ornament, for forage and
food purposes, for medicinal use, for perfumery, etc., as well
as of those undesirable because of their interference with de-
sirable growths or of their poisonous or other deleterious
qualities. Such a book would have been of service to a very
large number of our citizens, and we can only bewail the un-
timely death of the gifted man who alone of our acquaintance
possessed the qualifications needed for such a work.

It will be seen that the present volume is far more than a
bare list of our native plants, for, even considered merely as
a catalogue, it has the merit of presenting the plants ac-

IV LICTTKll OK TKANSMlTTAr,,

rordiiiu; 1<> tln-' iiiosl iiKxIciii svstciii of chissilical i(»ii, with llic
sviioiiN iiiv of cMcli siM'cics iiiosi cai-criill V and coiisciciil ioiisl v
udikcd oul, with llic l.\ |><' localiiv, and I'lill iiolcs ol' ils (Mciir
iviict's ill Alahaiiia.

The amount ol" laltoi- and N-ainini; iii\(tl\i'd in this can he
a])|ir('(iat('d hy the few only who have had similar \v<trk to <h>.
The iirciiminary cliaiitcrs on the thtral rciiions <d" the Slate,
and t he j^eoj^raphical disi rihiit i(»ii (»!' oiii- iiali\(' phmts, their
mo(U's of association and aihiplal ions, emho<lyin_n ail the latest
results of botanical study, will interest and instruct even the
s[K'cialist.

Foreseeing Ihe dilliculty, if not the imiK>ssil)ility, of lia\ing
a book of so teclmical a character as ''Plant IJfe" l)i-(»u_i;hl out
un(b*r our supei'vision alone, and kiiowim:, that the authoi-i-
ties of the I)ei)arlnu'nt of Agriculture, through J)r. Mohr, had
become interested in the work, it was proposed b}' me that the
first publication sliould be undertaken by that Department,
with the understanding that an edition for the Alabama (Jeo-
h)gical Survey should be printed at the same time with that for
the Department, each edition to liave its appropriate title page
and hotter of transmittal. This proposition was accepted, and
■we desire here to acknowledge our obligations to the Division
of liotany and to Mr. Coville and the others who have i-endcn-ed
such signal aid in bringing out the book. In view of the un-
timely death of the author, we realize that we have been for-
tunate in having this aid, without which the book would not
have been printed during his lifetime, and could not have re-
ceived his last revisions.

It has been thought proper and desirable in this Survey (nli-
tion to add a short biogi-aphical sketch of Dr. Mohr, c(»ndensed
from the J*It(ii'iH(icciitiscJic h'iiii<lscli(iii, together with his port-
rait and that of another man Avhose name will ever be honor-
ably associated with Alabama l)otany, Judge Thomas ^linott
Peters,

Kespectfully,

EuGt:Ni-: A. Smith,

State Geologist.

&Cl^i^ .^-^tW^t,^

CHARLES THEODORE MOHR.

The subject of this sketch was born Dec. 28, 1824, in Esslin-
gen, on the Neckar. Here, and at the Cloister Denkendorf,
where his father had acquired an interest in a manufactory
of chemicals, his earlier years and school days were spent.

After the death of his father, which occurred soon after the
removal to Denkendorf, 3'oung Molir after school hours was
frequently called upon to assist in the conduct of the business.
His taste for Natural History was first aroused hj the read-
ing- of the famous Bridgewater Treaties, especially that of
Buckland, and frequent Avalks with his great uncle, a pension-
ed forester of the district, who had for many years had his
home in the Cloister of Denkendorf, laid the foundation of that
love of the forest which he retained to the end of his life.
Here he became acquainted with the various useful trees, and
their peculiarities, and with many of the jdants which pos-
sessed medicinal or poisonous properties.

At the termination of his school days Charles was expected
to devote himself to the clerical work of the business, but he
had slight inclination thereto, while on the other hand, he was
greatly interested in the chemical details of the manufacture.

The return of his elder brotlier from his apprenticeship re-
lieved him of this office work, and gave him the opportunity
which he was not slow to improve, of increasing his knowledge
of Nature. During his stay in one of the mining districts of
the vSchA>artzwald, the brother had made- a collection of ores
and minerals, which he brought home with him. To the study
of these Charles applied himself with his accustomed zeal, and
thenceforward the tvro brothers made frequent excursions
through forest and mountain in search of mineral and botani-
cal specimens.

In 1842 Mohr entered the Polytechnic School at Stuttgart,
with Feliling as his instructor in chemistry and laboratory
wtu'k. Here he met with AVilliam Hochstetter, at that time
apprentice in the Royal Gardens at Stuttgart, a part of whose
duty it was to keep up a constant temperature in the hothouses.
Mohr shared witli him many of these night watches in order
to improve the opportunity thus afforded for the study of exot-
ic ])lants.

From this intercourse he became an innuite in tlie
house of voung Hochstetter, where he met the botanist

VI r.loClJAI'llKAl. SKKTCII OF

J()Ii;nni llolu'iiackci-, tlicii ciiiiniicd in llic |nil»Ii(';il idii of llic
|tl;iiils collctit'd hv liiia iu .Vsiuii- Knssia nud til" a li"i!'.iiiiini
of iiicdiciiial plants.

Din-in,:;' the snimiicr vacation ol JSiT) yoHiijLi .Molir was cin-
pldvcd in arranjiini;' the dnplicatc* specimens of the Polytech-
nic School, accnnuilated dnrini>' many years, and in distrihut-
inii; tliem amon^' llie Real >iclnilc of tlie land. In this work he
made the acMpiaintance of Ani;nst Kajjplei- wh(> for many years
had heen en^a^^cd in the collection of natural history sjx'ci-
mens in Dutch (Juiaua. Alohr's application to accompany him
on his next voyage as a collector especially of botanical speci-
mens, met with* favor, and when his work in the arrangement
of the cabinet of the Polytechnic School was ended, he remain-
ed some weeks with Hohenacker, applj'iug himself diligently
to preparation for the proposed voyage. Hohenacker also un-
dertook to publish the botanical collections which were to be
made in Surinam.

In ]S\)vember, 1845, with Kappler, young ^lohr left Stutt-
gart for Amsterdam, where they took passage in the bark Na-
talie, reaching- the coast of Guiana towards the middle of
March, 1846. At that time a \Qvy severe drouth was prevail-
ing, which made possible the collection of many interesting
plant forms occurring in the swamps and marshes about Par-
amaribo. An expedition was made to the upper waters of the
Surinam, in order to make before the rain}' season a collection
of living plants for the Belgian trade. On account of the dry
weather this expedition did not prove very successful in the
collection of insects and of herbarium specimens, but was
more satisfactory as regarded the living plants. A few days
after his return to Paramaribo from this expedition, Mohr
was attacked with bilious fever which kept him confined to his
hammock for several weeks. During the rainy season, which
soon set in, nothing was done in the way of collecting, but the
time was employed in preparations for the long excursion to
the Maroni River and in writing up notes and in correspond-
ence. At the end of the rainy season the expedition was made
up the Maroni liiver to the borders of Cayenne, where the
party encamped and a])])lied themselves with great industry to
the collections for which they had come.

]Most of them were attacked by fever and dysentery, from
which they ra])idly recovered, but it Avas otherwise with young
l^Iohr, who was kept confined to his hammock for many weeks,
losing all this time from his work of collecting, to his great
disappointment and grief.

CHARLES THEODORE MOHR. VII

Returning to Paramaribo to\Yards the eiid of September,
and not regaining his strength, he concluded to return to
Europe.

Accordingly in November, 1846, after a seven months' stay
in Surinam, lie took passage on the schooner Polaris for Rot-
terdam, which was reached in March following. In Maj^,
1847, he accepted a position as cliemist in the manufacturing
establishment of the firm of Hochstetter & Schickard, in Brunn,
Austria. In this prosperous business he remained till the revo-
lution of 1818 brouglit it to a close.

At the instigation of his elder brother, who had decided to
emigrate to North America, he embarked in August, 1848, on
the ship Spartan for New York, from which place he went first
to Philadelphia, and then to Cincinnati, where he found em-
ployment with a German manufacturer of chemicals.

He soon made acquaintances among the educated people of
the city, and in March, 184D, in company with about fifty young
men, he left Cincinnati to seek his fortune in California. At
Fort Laramie it became evident tliat further progress was im-
possible with the amount of baggage which they had, and in
consequence all articles which were not absolutely needed
were left behind, and the party was divided up into groups of
six to twelve, and the journey continued. At Fort Hall, on the
upper waters of the Lewis fork of Snake river, the party was
compelled to abandon their wagons and to proceed with pack
mules, and as the nuudier of tliese was limited many had to go
on foot. Here Mohr was obliged to leave his well filled herbar-
ium and all his books. On the 10th of August they reached a
settlement in the Sacramento Valley, the first since leaving the
borders of Missouri 110 days before. Here ^lohr remained en-
gaged in f>lacer mining, till protracted illness, brouglit on by
heat and exposure,' decided him to give up this mode of life
and return to the East. '

Having disposed of his mining interests, in company with an
English comrade, he left the mines about the beginning of
September, 1850, descended the river from Marysville to San
Francisco, and went thence by steamer to Panama. In Pana-
ma he remained for a time in the hopes of recovering bis.
strength more fully before undertaking to cross the istliinus;
but he had the misfortune to have all his baggage, including his
collection of plants and minerals, stolen from him, and to
crown all, was attacked by fever. On the steamer from Chag-
res to New Orleans, he suffered a relapse of fever, which kept
him prostrated till New Orleans was reached, and his recovery
there was in the main due to the tender care of his countiwman
and companion, Duke Paul, of Wurttemburg. From New Or-

VIII I'.Ktl.'UAiMllCAI- SKI.TCII Ol*

leans 111' icacJHd < "iiirimiai i alitiiil llicciid i)\.' I h'cciiilK'r, lS."i().
rpoii tlic r(sl(»iati(in ol" his licallli lie piinliascd a j<»int intci--
csi with his hrothcis in a I'ai-Mi in ('larkc count v, Indiana,
and in lsr)2 he was niaia-icd. 'I'lic iiardslnjis to w liidi he had
Iteen ( xposed in California had lendeicd liini siilijert to at-
tacks (d' i-heuinatisin ami it soon Ik canu' evident that a fann-
er's life was to him iin[»(>ssilde. .Vccordin^lv lie removed to
Louisville, whi'i-e, after a short time, he ohtained a jxisition as
assistant in a (Jei-niaii aiiothecarv cstahlishnH^it, and aftei- a
year's service here he Lecame a niemher of an American linn.
The business was mucli to his likinu, and he soon renewed his
interest in hotany, niakin;; tlie acciuaintance of Leo Lesiiuer-
eux, through whose intlnence he directed his studies to the
mosses. An atta(dc of neurali;ia, which affected the heart and
confined him to his bed for a hmj*- time, warned him that his
complete recovery would be slow in the chanjieable climate of
Louisville, and he was advised by his physician to i»() South.
He was thus aj4,ain obliged to give np all the results of foui-
years' profitable business and seek a new home. He went first
to Louisiana, but not finding relief there, he proceeded to
Vera Cruz, which he reached after a four weeks' voyage, early
in the year 1857. Here he l)ecame interested in a jiharmaceu-
tical business, but on the approach of the rainy season decided
to remove to the highlands between Cordova and Orizaba,
where he was the guest of his countryman, Herr Sartorius. In
the autumn of 1857, in consequence of a political revolution in
Mexico, he returned to the United States and established him-
self in the drug busine^ss in Mobile, Alabama. This
profitable business suffered greatly during the Civil
War, but meanwhile Mohr was employed by the Confed-
erate government in manufacturing drugs from native resour-
ces and in testing the uuMlicinal preparations smuggled into the
country from Europe.

Towavds the end of 1860, at the request of Leo Lesquereux,
Dr. ]Mohr had begun his study of the mosses of Alabama, and
a complete catalogue of these plants was contributed by him
to the "Mosses of North America," published in 1884, A col-
lection of the ferns of South Alabama was nmde at the same
time, and thoroughly worked up, and the results turned over
to Prof. Eaton for his "Ferns of North America."

In addition to these botanical works. Dr. Mohr, undertook
in the interests of the "Grangers,'' many investigations of the
fertilizing value of the ashes of the various woods of Alal)ama,
and of pine straw and leaves, and of the hulls of cotton seed.
He also delivered many lectures and wrote many articles on
subjects connected with the improvement of the exhausted

Charles theodore mohr. i^

soils of tlie State, and the betterment of agricultural practice.

In the summer of 187G he made an examination of the i^old
resources of the metamorphic region of the State, and had the
opportunity during the journe3S made for the purpose, to ob-
serve also the richness of our flora and especially of the great
forests. The results of these observations were published in
Berney's Hand Book of Alabama in 1878, under the titles
"The Forests of Alabama and TJicir Products/' and ''Tlie
Grasses and Other F^orage Plants of Alaha^na."

The collections of minerals of economic importance brought
together during these excursions were placed on exhibition in
Mobile in 1876, and in Atlanta in 1881, and a report of the
same entitled ''0^/ i/ic £^corto//<ic Gcoloyij of Aldhama/' was is-
sued in 1887. This collection went finally to the Department of
Agi'iculture in Washington. A treatise on the Grasses and
Forage Plants of Alabama was prepared for the Department
of Agriculture in 1878 and 1879, and in May, 1878, was pub-
lished in the Botanical Grazette an account of the useful plants
of foreign origin which were acclimated in the Gulf States.

In the same year, in connection with the State Geological
Survey, he began the arrangement of a herbarium of Alabama
plants from the collections made by himself and Dr. Smith,
Sind n'^'Prelimiuarg List of the Plants Groa-ing Without Cul-
tivation in Alabama/^ prepared by him, Avas j)ublished by the
Geological Survey in 1880.

As a natural sequel to this preliminary work, came the pre-
paration of a volume for the Geological Survey on the Plant
Life of Alabama, which occupied more or less of his time and
interest till his death.

In 1880, for the Tenth Census, he took charge of an investi-
gation of the forestry conditions of the Gulf States, and the re-
sults of this investigation were published in Vol. IX of the
Tenth Census Reports. While engaged in this work he also
collected for the Arboretum at Harvard, and for the Jessup
collection of the American Museum of Natural History, large
sections of trunks of the typical forest trees. At the same time
he brought together the material, afterwards worked up under
his direction in book form, illustrating the forest and timber
trees of Alabama, which now forms part of the Survey col-
lection in the cabinet of the University of Alabama.

In 1882 he was invited by the chief of the Agricultural De-
partment to superintend the arrangement and installation
of the Agricultural and Forestry collections which liad been
brought together by the great railroad lines of the Soutli, and
exhibited in Atlanta in 1881. This congenial work occupied
him for some time during which he was associated with the scien-

X i;i(»(;uAriii(;Ai> si'CiiTcii op

lilic nu'ii i»l lilt' \;ii-it»iis (k'i»ai-LiiiL'iil.s in W'ashiii^tnii i^^-cally to
his pleasure and ^idvaiita^e.

Ill ISMi lie was eiiii>l(»ve«l l»v Hie Louisville ami Nashville
Kailroad lo make a lull colleelious of the agricultural, I'oreslry
ami minerai resources ueeurriu"; alon^ the line of thai road.
'1 hese eolleelions, toj^ether with manv a<lditioiis suhseciuently
imule, were jilaeed on exhibition at the World's Exposition in
New Orleans in 1SS4, where J)r. Molir also had charge (»!' the
exhibit of the agricultural and oilier natural resources of the
IState of Alabama. This exhibit was also displayed at the
Louisville Expositi<»n, and a descriittive catalogue of it was
published under the title ""The \ahiral JiC^^jtirccs of Alu-
uuiiiu," concerning which I'rof. Lamson-Scribner, in a lecture
on Southern Botanists, S'dya, "this is one of the few pajR'rs of
its kind which possesses real scientific merit, and in no way
can mislead the reader or prospective settler." In the follow-
ing year (1884) he prepared a report on the soils, climate and
agricultural resources of the territory traversed by the L. &,
N. railroad lines.

The long continued work in the Exposition building in New
Orleans during exceptionally unfavorable weather ct)nditions,
brought on a return of his rheumatic troubles, which greatly
interfered with his subsequent work in the Held.

In 181)2 he turned over the management (^f his drug business
to his son and devoted his entire time to the preparation of the
'^ riant Life of Alabama'' and to the investigation of the Flora
of Nortli Amei'ica for the Division of Forestry of the U. IS. De-
partment of Agriculture.

In the prosecution of these works he spent much time in ar-
ranging the herbarium of Alabama jjlants at the University of
Alabama, mounting the specimens in the most beautiful style,
and classifying them according to the system of Engler and
I'rantl. As a supplement to the collection of the native woods
of Alabama above mentioned, he also prepared a set of about
one hundr(Ml and fifty individual glass-front cases in which
were displayed the specimens illustrating the foliage, flowers
and fruit of the forest trees. In recognition of the importance
of the work of Dr. Mohr in these collections illustrating
the hotany of the IState, the herbarium has received the title of
the '\\fo]ir Hcrhariani."

During these years also, in connection with the Forestry
Division, were prepared his great work on the Pines, publish-
ed in 181)(), and his monograiihs on the Cypress, the Juniper,
and the Ked Cedar, which are now in press. Monographs on
the hard wood trees were to follow next, the first of the series
being that on the Oaks, which he had just completed when he
died.

CHARLES THEODORE MOHR. XI

in March, 1900, he removed from ^Mobile to Asheville, N. C,
Avhere he spent the remainder of his life in the preparation of
the monographs above mentioned, and in reading the proof of
"The Plant Life of Alabama," which had all passed through
his hands in final revision, althongh he did not live to see the
completed book, which was not issued till a week or two after
his death.

In connection with this volume, Dr. Mohr had planned the
preparation of another volume on the "Economic Botany of
Alabama'- for the Geological Survey, in which was to be given
full accounts of the useful and noxious plants of the State.
Unfortunately for the State of Alabama and for the science of
Botany, he was not spared to complete this, the crowning
work of his life.

During the two years of his residence in Asheville he had the
opportunity of coming much in contact with the botanists of
America. Especially did he enjoy his frequent visits to the
Biltmore Herbarium, where he sought for new species among
the specimens sent in by Mr. Beadle's collectors in the field.
The genus CratiBgus which presents so many interesting fea-
tures especially occupied him there, as Mr. Beadle is working
up this genus. Here also he had the opportunity of studying
the Herbarium of Dr. Chapman, from which he obtained
much valuable information. Frequent visits to the forests of
the Biltmore estate, enabled him to collect many valuable
notes on the hard woods of that section.

His last illness came on suddenly after a day spent at work
in the Biltinore Herbarium.

The trying days of intense suffering preceding his death
brought out strongly the beauty of his character; not a word
of complaint; a kind word for every one around him; i)atient
to the last ; and a realization of the inevitable end, brave and
unflinching. "How beautiful the world is" were among the
last words he ever spoke.

In the lecture on Southern Botanists above alluded to.
Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner has touched upon some of the strik-
ing characteristics of the subject of our sketch. He says "]Mohr
is possessed of a true scientific spirit and great enthusiasm in
his botanical work. By the amount he has accomplished it
is very evident that he has well improved his hours of leisure,
and doubtless stolen much time from hours of needed
recreation. But in this day and generation, one can-
not stop to recreate, for if he does some more zeal-
ous worker will win the prize he seeks. Success from true
merit seems now to depend upon one's powers of endurance."

xii

SKI:T("II Ol' CIIAia.KS tiikodouio moiik.

".Molir li;is llic (list iihl i<iii of li.iviiiii lionc I'l-om ilic hcalcii
(rack dl' s\ siciiial ic Ixilanists and (•(Hisidcrccl ilic jdaiils lie
sliidicd ri'(»iii an <'r(»iM>iiiic aspccl. lie lias not mily iiicrcascMl
Ilic suiii III' (iiir kii(»\\ Icdiic Iml has added lo our |M»\\<'rs of di-
rt'( I iisct'iiliicss. I would sav lo lliosc \\li(» in rdcrriii^' lo bot-
any arc c\-cr askiiiu llic (lucslion ciii bono, caj-cfiilly I'cad llic
\\i-itiii,ns of Di-. .Molii-; llicy afford a most able answer."

Personally Dr. .Molir was (lie iiiosi lovalde ami nnselfisli of
men, totally (le\<»id of aft'cclat ion and iiretense. I Ic made friends
with old and y(Mini: wlicrcN'ci- he went, ins])irin.n all who knew
him with lo\(' and resjiect hodi on a<-conn( of his nolde
character and of the fullness and accnracy of his knowledju-e,
11 is nnselfisli devotion (o liis favorite scienc<' came (o he es-
teemed at somediini; like its real \v(ti'tli dnrinii his lifetime,
and the name of Charles Mohr will loni:,' he cherished in the
eonntry at lari!,e and in his a(h)i)ted State in i)articular, by all
wlio ean appreciate true merit and greatness of character.

Eugene A. Smith.

PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA,

BY

CHARLES MOHR.

LETTl^R OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. 8. Department of Agriculture,

Division of Botany,
Washington^ D. 6'., January 5^ 1900.

Sir: Under date of November 8, 1897, a letter was received from
Dr. Eugene A. Smith, State Geologist of Alabama, as follows:

In connection with the work of the Geological Survey of Alaljania, and as a })art
thereof, Dr. Charles ]\Iohr, of MoV)ile, has prepared an elaborate account of the plant
life in the State. Deeming tliis work a most important and timely contribution to
our knowledge of the Southern flora, as it discusses the character, distribution, and
general aspects of plant life in Alabama in a broad and philosophical manner, I
believe that it would prove of interest to a larger section of our country than the
region to which it is confined by its title. In order to secure, therefore, a more wide-
spread distribution, allow nie to suggest the propriety of publishing it as one of the
contributions from the United States National Herbarium. I may add that I am
induced to offer this vakiable manuscript for publication to the National Herbarium
because under present financial conditions of the State Survey its i)ublication would
proljably be delayed for an indefinite time, and thus its immediate usefulness would
be impaired.

Dr. Mohr is now and has been for several vears a special agent of
the Division of Forestry of this Department, and there being, there-
fore, no obstacle in the way of accepting this manuscript, I earnestly
recommend compliance with the courteous suggestion of the State
geologist of Alabama, Dr. Smith, and I desire to take this opportunit}'
of acknowledging the obligations of this Division, both to Dr. Smith
and to Dr. Mohr.

The report is in part a complete enumeration of the plants of Ala-
bama and in part a discussion of the various natural belts and areas
of vegetation into which the State is divided, with a full description
of the vegetative characteristics of each.

1 have, therefore, the honor to transmit the manuscript for your
final approval, and recommend its publication as Volume VI of our
series of Contributions.
Respectfully,

Frederick V. Coville,

Botanist.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture,

PREFACE.

The following description of the plant life of Alabama is the result
of nearly forty years of sojourn and wanderings through the State,
during which all parts were visited and the collections were made that
serve as a basis of this work.

The writer has attempted more than has been usual in the descrip-
tive works and the various floras of regions or States of this continent.
He thought it not sufficient to give merely an enumeration of the
plants known to be indigenous, together with those which are known
as inunigrants growing without cultivation in the State, and to supple-
ment such enumeration with notes on geographical distribution and
habitat, but he has attempted a deeper study, that of the relations of
plant life in the held; that is, of its ecological conditions.

In this attempt the work of Merriam on the life zones and areas
of the North American continent north of Mexico^ and Willkomm's
"Grundzuege der Ptianzenverbreitung auf der iberischen Hal])insel
(Leipzig, 1896),'' have served as a general basis in respect to the dis-
tribution of plant life over wide geographical areas and limited regions
embraced within them.

The writer has been especially fortunate in having been able to con-
sult, before the completion of his task, the classic work of Warming,^
which may be considered as laying down for the first time, in a S3'S-
tematic manner, the principles of plant ecology. While these prin-
ciples had been more or less foreshadowed by other writers, they
were enunciated by Warming with such logical precision as to inaugu-
rate a new departure in the study of plant life.

Since these methods of viewing plant life have not yet become
familiar to most students of botany, it has seemed necessary to discuss
them somewhat in detail in the introductory part of this volume. It
is hoped that by describing the plant associations to be found in the
diflerent localities, not only the primary object of a floral work as a
part of a geological survey will be subserved, but a new interest will
be added to the studv of botany, both for the botanist and the thought-
ful layman, which maj' enable them to use the volume for practical
purposes.

1 See p. 29.

'■' Dr. E. Warming, Lehrbuch der Oekologischeu Pflanzengeographie, German
edition of Dr. E. Knoblauch, Berlin, 1896.

5

b rUKFACK.

Ill tilt' |)rt'i)ar:iti()ii ot' llii> wDrk t In- w :itfi- i> itulddcd for assistimcc,
tirst of all. to I)r. A. \V. Cliapman. tiir \"('tt'iaii Sou.Ihtii l»otaMist; to
Prof. Chiirli's S. Sarjj;('nt for aid r<'M<li'rt'»l in tlu' frrc iisr of the
librurv of tho Arnold Arhoretum and advice in jM-rplexin^r (|iiostioiis
of iioniencluturi'. and to Mr. Charlos Faxon, of the Arnold Arl)orttiiiii.
for bil)lioirr!ipliical assistance; to Dr. N. L. Britton and Di. d. K. Small,
of the C'oluinhia I'niversity ; to Dr. William Trideast". of tin- Missouri
BoUmical Garden; to Prof. F. Lanison-Scriliner, chief of the Division
of Agrostolo*ry, United States Do])artni('nt of A«rriculture: to Mr. F.\'.
Coville, chief of the Division of Botany, and his assistant Mr. T. II.
Koarne}', jr. ; and to Dr. J. X. Rose and Mr. Charles L. Pollard, assistant
eiirators of the National IIerl)arimn. for facilities ati'orded: also to
Dr. Edward L. Greene, of the Catholic University, for his revision of
doubtful and new forms of Compositae; and to Prof. L. H. Bailey for
his help in Carex. Thaidis are due, also, to Dr. B. E. Fernow. late
chief of the Division of Forestry, for help rendered in the arranjrcment
of the general part of the work for the press, and to Mr. George B.
Sudworth. dendrologist of that Division; and lastly to Mr. C. D.
Beadle, director of the Biltmore Hei'barium. and his associate,
Mr. F. E. Bo3'nton, for their assistance while consultino- the Biltmore
Herbariiuii and Library.

The writer with pleasure takes this occasion to express his gratitude
for the friendl}^ aid extended to him by many of his fellow-citizens
while engaged in the field, and to President Milton Smith, of the
Louisville and Nashville Railroad, to the Hon. T. G. J-iush. president of
the Mobile and Birmingham Railway, and to Col. K. L. Russell, presi-
dent of the ^Mobile and Ohio Railroad, for courtesies liberally extended
to him in his travels through the State. Without the aid recei\'ed
from these sources the appearance of this volume coidd not have l»een
accomplished.

Charles Mohr.

CONTENTS

Page.

Introduction 11

History of the present botanical exploration of Alabama 11

Plan of the present work 12

Systematic arrangement 12

Xomenclature 13

History of the earlier botanical explorations of Alabama 13

William Bartram 13

Sauniel Botsford Buckley 16

Hezekiah Gates •- 16

Thomas 3Iinott Peters 17

Beaumont, Nevius, and recent collectors 17

General physiographical features of the State 18

Topograph}' and geology 18

The Coastal Plain 18

Region of Crystalline Rocks ■. 19

Region of the Coal Measures 20

Region of the Coosa Valley 21

Region of Tennessee Valley 21

River system 22

Tennessee River 22

Alabama River 23

Tombigbee River 23

Coosa River 24

Cahalja River and smaller streams 24

Climate 24

Temperature 25

Rainfall 2&

Winds 26

Cloudiness 27

General princii^les of the distribution of plants 28

Plant zones of Humboldt, based on isothermal lines 28

Life zones established by ]Merriam 29

Boreal region 30

Arctic or Arctic-Alpine zone 30

Hudsonian zone 30

Canadian zone 30

Austral region 31

Transition zone 31

Upper Austral zone 31

Lower Austral zone 32

Tropical region 33

Secondary factors influencing plant distribution 33

Distribution of species as depending upon geological history 34

7

8 roNTKNTS.

GiMU'ral |>riiici])l»'s of tin- distriliution (»f plants — ( "initiiinnl. I'affi-.

I'liiiit toriiiatioiis and jilant associatiims '.\'t

ny<lr<ipliyti<' plant assoriations .'57

XtTupliytic jtlant assciciaf i<»ns 'M

1 lalopliytic plant associations .■{"

Mfsopliytir iilant associations .{7

CnMicral <liaractcr of the Hora of Alahania 'M

Systematical relations 'AS

Kndi'niic jtlants :iS

Relationship of the Alahania Hora to tliat of adjoinini: retrions ;!t>

Relationship of tlie Alahania Hora to forei<rn Hoias :)".i

I^a'itern Asia :'>•'

West Indies, Mexico, Sonth America 41

l".nru|ic ;iiiil the Mediterranean n-L'ion 4H

Biolo^'ical and ecolo<rical relations 44

F( irest Hora 44

Shrubby i)lant associations 44

Arboreal plant associations 45

( )iH'n land or canipestrian flora (xerophile i)lant associations) 4S

Water and swamp floi-a (hydropiiytic plant associations) 48

Hydrocharidean class 48

I.ithophytic ami limn;ean classes 49

I'alnstrian classes 49

Organotopic flora 50

Epiphytic plant associations 50

8ai)roi)hytic and symbiotic plant associations 51

Parasitic i)lant associations 52

Insectivorous i)lants 52

Introduced plants and their inHuem-e upon native jilant associations . 5.i

Naturalized plants 53

Adventive plants 54

Fugitive plants 55

Plant distritnition in Alal tania 50

Carolinian area or flora 57

IMountain region 58

Ranges of hills of the Metaniorphic and older Paleozoic strata 58

Table-lands of the Warrior and Coosa Basins t>9

Physiographical features and climate 69

Vegetation of the plateaus, mountain slojies, and higher valleys. . 70

Region of the Tennessee River Valley 80

Physiographical features and climate 80

Vegetation of the table-lands and higher ridges 81

Vegetation of the lowlands, coves, and 1 iluffs 86

Vegetation of the barrens and river hills 88

Cultural plant formations 89

Region of the Lower Hill country 89

Gravelly hills of short-leaf pine and hardwood trees 90

Coal Measures of the Cahalja Valley and Warrior basin 90

Louisianian area or flora 94

Region of the Central Pine belt 96

Central Prairie region 97

Physiographical features 97

Xerophile forests 98

Mesophile forests 99

OO^STTENTS. 9

Plant (listriV>ution in Alabama — Continued.
Louisianian area or tlora — Continued.

Central Prairie region — Continued. Page.

Mesophile herbaceous plant ass!Ociations= 102

Campestrian plant association^^ 104

Cultural plant formations 1 05

Maritime Pine region 106

Upper division of the Coast Pine belt, or region of mixed tree-
growth 106

Lower division of the Coast Pine })elt, or lower region of lonu;-

leaf pine 110

Physiographical features and climate 110

Rolling pine u^jlands or <lrv pine barrens 112

Pine-barren flats and hydrophytic plant associations 116

Region of the Coast plain or low flat pine barrens 118

Littoral belt 129

Cultural plant formations of the Lower Pine region and Coast

plain lo3

Systematic catalogue of the plants growing without cultivation in tlie State,

including descriptions of new, rare, and little known species 139

Slime molds 139

Algae 142

Fungi 148

Lichens 263

Liverworts 284

Mosses 289

Fernlike plants 310

True flowering and seed-bearing plants 323

The spontaneous flora of Alabama in its relation to agriculture 821

List of the plants cultivated in Alabama 825

ADDITIONS TO TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Letter of Transmittal jyj

Biographical Sketch of Charles Mohr .p' y

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Portrait of Dr. Mohr, Plate A. to face p y

Portrait of Judge Peters, Plate B. to face p. XVII

ILLUSTRATIOXS.

Page.
Plate I. Map of Alaliama, .•^howiiijr tioral aivas and (lifjtrilmtion of forest

trees Fnjiitispiece.

II. Sogittaria loityirostra an^l rails J. G. Smith 331

III. Sagittaria mohril J. G. Smith 333

IV. Neciusia alabamcnsis Gray 539

V. Croton alabamemis E. A. Smith 591

VI. Codnus cotinoides (Xutt.) Brittnn 6(.)0

VII. Vaccinlum melanocarpnm Moh v t)58

VIII. Oldenlandia littomlis ^lohr 737

IX. Hieraciuin scribncri Small 752

X. Eupatorium smithii Greene c't Mohr 761

XI. Eupatorium mohrii Greene 762

XII. SUphium mohrii Small 793

XIII. Silphium gatesii Mohr 793

10

PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.

INTRODUCTION.

HISTORY OF THE PRESENT BOTANICAL. EXPLORATION OF

ALABAMA.

In 1879 the botanical collections made by the State g-eologi.st of Ala-
bama, Dr. Eugene A. Smith, in the northern section of the State, were
submitted to the writer for classification, with the request that he take
charge of the investigation of the Hora of Alabama in connection with
the Geological Survey. Having accepted this duty, the formation of
a Normal Herbarium of the State was undertaken. To this end the
collections of the writer, made in the Coastal plain, and particularly
in the Lower Pine region and Littoral belt, were incorporated with
the above collections, and thus the foundation was laid for the Normal
Herbarium of the Geological Survey of the State, deposited in the
Museum of the University of Alabama, which has served as a basis for
this report. Subsequently, and during a long series of years, the
writer has worked singh^ in the tield at such intervals as his oiiicial
duties would permit. Engaged in the investigation of the forests for
the United States Census in 1880 and 1881, and later in making collec-
tions for the exhibits of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, at the
Exposition in Louisville, and the Cotton Exposition at New Orleans in
1884 and 1885, extensive collections of plants were made and advan-
tage was taken of the opportunities for the study of plant life in the
field in all the diti'erent regions of the State. Further facilities in the
same direction were enjoyed from 1890 to 1896 while engaged in the
study of the forests and in the collection of the material for timber
tests under the direction of Dr. Fernow, then chief of the Division of
Forestry, Department of Agriculture.

During the summer and fall of 1892 several special trips to investi-
gate more closely the flora of the State were undertaken for the Geo-
logical Survey of the State. These trips included visits to the so-called
Canebrake (Central Prairie) region, the basin of the Coosa River, the
eastern part of the mountain region, and the Tennessee Valley. In
1896 a visit was paid to the Chehawhaw Mountain and the higher val-
leys and denuded plains in Clay County, the most elevated district in
the State. Verv desirable contributions have been received during

11

12 PLANT LIFK (»F A I. A HAM A.

rcrt'lil y»';U"s fl'oin Plot". M . C Wilson, of the Normal School iit F1(M'-
(Mice. Tlic lur«;(' collt'ctioiis mad*' in iM'ti. uiul in tin- early part of the
foUowiiii.'- season. Iiy the l)iol()«ifists o\' the Aericultiiial Kxi)erin)ent
Station, iindei- the auspices of the BioloLiieal Sur\ey of Alaltaina. con-
nected with the Aericultiiral and Mechanical College at Aiduirn. and
kindly sul)initted to the writer foi- examination attoi'ded many |)lants
fioui localities not I'epresented l)efore in the Normal Ilerltarium.
an<l from a section of the State of peculiai' interest to the student of
plant distribution, hut hei'etofore almost uid<nown to botanists. They
included a number of foi'uis not ])re\iously oltserv cd in the State, some
of them new to science.

PLAN OF THE PRESENT WORK.

In tho geneial part of the work a short sketch of tho physiographical
features of the State precedes a chapter on the jufenerul aspect of the
flora of Alabama, and its relation to that of adjoinintr States, and to
the continental and extra-continental floras. In the ijara^iraphs on
geological and climatic conditions, the publications of the (reological
Survey of the State and of Prof. P. H. Mell. in charge of the meteor-
ological service of the State, have been depended upon.

In the general discussion of the geographical distribution of plants,
the principles leading Dr. ]\Ierriam to the establishment of his life
zones on the North American Continent north of Mexico have l)een
adopted, these having already been successfully applied in the investi-
gation of the distribution of animal as well as plant life in the part of
our country west of the l)asin of the Mississippi River by Messrs.
Merriam and Coville.

The delimitation of the floral divisions of the State introduced by
the writer can only be regarded as tentative. The area, as yet, has
been but superflcially explored, and in many parts the borders of the
divisions are but obscurely outlined, and need to be cleared \ip and
rectifled, while several gaps remain to be flUed.

No ettort has been spared to ascertain the distril)ution of each species
and variety known from the State, flrst, over the globe, then, within
the life zones of this continent, and last, within the floral divisions of
the State. For this purpo.se the leading works on systematic botany,
particularly North American botan}'. and all the available State and
local floras and catalogues have been consulted.

SY.STEMATIC ARRANCJEMENT.

In the catalogue of the plants growing without cultivation in Ala-
bama the natural system of Engler and PrantP has been followed.
This embodies the results of the latest investigations of the natural
relations of plants and their aflSnities in the light of the development

^Ender und Praiitl. Die Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 1887 to 1900.

EARLIER BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS. 13

of life from the lowest to the highest forms, the trul}" natural order,
and at the present time generally accepted as such by biologists. The
study of plants is now coming to be generally conducted in accordance
with these views, and the natural system of the vegetable kingdom, as
enunciated in the classical work cited, has already been adopted in the
most important works on descriptive botany in this country which
have lately made their appearance, and will without doubt be followed
in similar publications during another generation.

NOMENCLATUKE.

In nomenclature the principle of priority, regarded as the funda-
mental one, is strictly adhered to in the present work. This was first
advocated by De Candolle at the International Botanical Congress at
Paris in 1867, and its application was developed by American botanists
at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science at Rochester, in 1892, and through the rules reported by the
conmiittee on nomenclature which were adopted at the next meeting
of the botanical club of the association held at Madison, Wis., in
August, 1893.

The applications of plants to the use of man are briefly alluded to
under the abbreviated head of Economic, and a list of the cultivated
plants of the State is given at the close of the volume. The fuller
treatment of the relations of the plant life of Alabama to the necessi-
ties or comfort of mankind was at first contemplated as a part of this
volume, but, on account of the expansion of the other matter, has had
to be deferred. •

HISTORY OF THE EARLIER BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS OF
ALABAMA.

In regard to its vegetable productions Alabama, like the rest of the
territory fronting the Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi, remained
until the last quarter of the eighteenth century a terra incognita.

W^ILLIAM BAllTKAM.

The tirst description of these productions is given by William
Bartram,^ in his account of his memorable travels through the South-
ern States, in the years 1773 to 1778. This intrepid explorer of the
botany of Southeastern North America entered the State to all
appearance somewhere near the middle of its eastern border, at the old
^Muscogee town Uche (the site of which can at present not l>e exactly
located), after a journey of three da3\s reaching the Indian settlements at
Tallassee on the Tallapoosa River. In his account of his travels from
the Tallapoosa Valley to the coast Bartram depicts most graphically the

' Travels through North and South CaroUna, Georgia, east and west Forida, etc.
Philadelphia, 1791.

14 PLANT LIFP: of ALABAMA.

features of tht^ vcirotatioii prcxMilidL"" in tlio tlortil rc^Lrions travorsed.
Ho p:iss«Ml tlirouu'li the suhti-opical /one. rt'c()«ifiiiz('(.l Ity the loiijx wrcatlo
of tho Spanisli moss invcstiiiM- the liuj^'-c liiiihs of vcncrahl** (>verixr<'tMi
oaks (tlif laurel oak. ineiitiout'd liy liiiii as (Jinri-n-s /ifi/iJsp/m<Tir(i). ami
hiij^e niaj^niolias. with the C'retae«'oiis ])laiM l>efore him, which tlie trav-
eler deseril)es as a eouiitry with a rich hhick soil I'estinj^' upon a chalky
testaceous limestone clad with tall urass(\s and a \ariety of other herh-
age. most conspicuous anion*:- it tall rosinwecnls (.S/Vy ;////////). with tiieir
large spikes of golden yellow flowers and a resinous su))stance exuding
from the bruises and splits of the stem; heyond the ])lains a hrokiMj
groiuul of hills and vales covered with forests of statt ly trees — locust
(designated as Kohinia. but most likidy th«' lion(>y locust), linden, mul-
berry. elm. hickory, and t)lack walmit. with the Southern crabapple, dog-
wood, and redbudfor the smaller tree growth: further south a generally
level plain, with a lighter soil, pebbles and sand mixing with the surface
soil, covered with an open forest of oak. hickories, ash. red buckeye,
and the smaller trees mentioned above, associated with an abundance
of chestnut^ and with pines (/V/zw-s' hitea^ i. e., short-leaf pine, I*/)i)is
echinata) interrupted l)y expansive cane meadows and detached groves,
in strong contrast with the gravelly and rocky hills and vales support-
ing the forests mentioned above. The traveler s])eaks enthusiastically
of the dense cool groves of dogwood and of the fragrant groves of
sweet illicium and odorous calycanthus or spicewood covering the
higher banks of the streams, together with the beautiful Ilalesla dlp-
tera (silver bells, Mohrodendron)^ stuartia, storax bushes, azaleas, and
particularly Magnolia aurh-ulata (undoubtedly meaning MagnnJIa
macropliylla)^ all overtowered b}' the stately largc-Howered magnolia
{Magnolia foetida). Across the Shambee (Escambia) River the coun-
try is described as low and open, descending for the next 80 miles
to the southeast, exhibiting a landscape ditierent from others, not
unlike the low country of the Carolinas, consisting of grassy savan-
nas, intersected by narrow forests along the water courses, hiunmocks,
and swamps, with long-leaved pines ''scatteringly planted among the
grass, associated on the higher knolls and swells with barren oaks,"
the rivulets rumiing swiftly over their gravelly ))eds. their banks
adorned with evergreen andromedas, American olive, illicium, hollies,
sweet bay, and azaleas. Descending to the lowlands toward the bay
of Mobile, "cane swamps alternate with pine-clad knolls." Tensas,
situated on the eastern arm of the great Mobile River, on a high bluH',
about 30 miles above Fort Conde and the city of Mobile, was reached
in the early days of August (1777). After a short visit to Mobile
Bartram returned to Tensas, where he obtained a canoe and explored

^ The existence of the chestnut in the Upper Division of the Coast Pine belt is at
present in some parts onlv indicatt-il by the larcro etu'.nps. which have during the long
periods of time resisted decay.

bartkam's exploration. 15

the flora of the Imnks of the river up to the Tombigbee. On one of
these excursions he discovered the scentless wax myrtle, a small tree
called l\v the French the wax tree, which possessed none of the fra-
grance of the common wax or candleberry tree {Myrica cerifera)^ and
for this reason was described l)V this author as Myriea inodora. Sick
with fever, he went in search of a plant of great repute as a remedy'
against malarial diseases. This he found about 30 miles higher up on
the 1)anks of the river, growing under the shelter of Stwrrfkf virgin-
!ra, azaleas, and others of the shru})S noticed before. He recognized
it as a species of Collinsonia/ and named it C. anisata., on account of the
fine scent of the plant, reminding one of sweet anise and lemon. There
he also found the blue sage, S<dria azurea^ "with its spikes of flowers
of celestial blue," the scarlet calamintha {CUnopodiiom coGcin,euiri)^ and
a plant of peculiar beauty described as Gerardia flammea, easily rec-
ognized ])y his description as Macrantliera fuchsioidts Torr. The
swamps are mentioned as covered by tall grasses and l>y cypress of
astonishing growth, above which rise on the higher banks magnificent
forests of magnolias, with Ilaleski dijjtera and other trees, the bullace
grape with its juicy l)erries of various colors, crossvine, and American
glycine {Krauhnia ( Wixteria) frutei^ccms), ascending these trees to their
loftiest heights, and the dense shrubbery Ijeneath them entangled l)j^
the trumpet vine, grape vines, and yellow jessamine. On his return
from the Perdido River and from Pensacola, Bartram describes the
grassy savannas with their sarracenias extending from the Apalachi-
cola to the Mobile River.

Delighted with his rich harvest of "curious vegetables," Imt with
his health shattered by malarial fever, Bartram left the banks of the
Tensas River and the Bay of Mobile for the banks of the Pearl River
in search of medical aid. Returning to Mobile soon afterward, he
started near the end of November, ITTT, with a party of traders toward
the Atlantic coast. After three days' travel he arrived again at the
settlements of the Creek Nation, between the falls of the Moclassee
(Tallapoosa River) and the Indian town Alabama, near the confluence
of the Coosa and the latter river. After a short rest he again left the
soil of Alabama by crossing the Chattahoochee River between the
towns of Chehaw and Usetta (a short distance above the city of
Columbus, Ga.).

At this point in his narrative this genuine lover of- nature repeats
his praises of the fragrant groves of illicium left behind him, stating
that he never met with it north of latitude 33° nor south of Mobile
except at one place, namely, at Lake George, eastern Florida, in
latitude 28-.

^ The citronella of the settlers, a deeoction of it fi'equently used in fevere as a dia-
phoretic and invigorating drink.

!•• I'l.ANT I. IKK OK ALAHA.M \.

-\^ll KI. m)r>KnK|) 111 » KI.IA .

At'icr tlir lapM- of ;ili(iut llir('c-(|u;irtfr^ ol" a triituiy. Saiiiufi Hots-
f()i-(l Uui-klt'v followed tlif t'(i<it>(r|)> (if liaitiaiii in the t-xploratiDii of
the tloni of Alal)aiiia. Mr. l>iuklcy \\a> a iiativi- of New Y<n-k Itut
iTiH'ixM'd his education at W'oicyan riiixcrsitx . Middh'towii. Conn.,
where he ;^iaduat<'d in |.s;'.ti. After h'a\ in*.'' (•ollc<;c the rntlmsiastie
voun^' l»otani>t was anion*:- the earli«'st to explore the southei'n .V))pa-
hiihian mountains, diseoveiine luany new plants and niakine- the study
of the triM's his thief object. liueklev reached Alal>aina l)y tiie piin-
cipal road of travel leadin^r from the Ohio VaUey to the (iulf. l*ass-
in«i" o\ei' the detached spurs of the C'uml)erland Mountains in Madison
County, on his journey to Alabama and pursuing his favorite oecupa-
tioii lie discoxered the interesting Ameri«-an smoke tree {( of/'/ii/.s catl-
iioltlrs ('Snii.) Britton). l)efore known only from a singh? locality in the
Indian Territory near the tK>rders of Arkan.sas. Arriving in central
Alabaiua, he settled in Wilcox County as teacher in an advanced school
(al>out ISo'.t), There, among the hills and vales of the; Cjjper Division
of the Maritime pine l)elt. and near the woods and gra.ssy glades of
tile Central Prairie region, an inviting field was open to the botanist.
In the prairie region he discovered that tine tree of the white-oak
group named l)y iiini Que/'ct(j< durandii {Q. hnwlloh<i (Torr.) Sar-
gent), and in the hills, TJidJletriun d<jl)Ur^ besides a host of other inter-
esting plants heretofore unknown from the Southern States. He
described his discoveries in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia
Academy of Science. Working without the advantage of a large
l)otanical library he met with severe criticism; ))ut many^ of his new
species which at the time were not regarded as valid have now
received their deserved recognition. In 18()(I Buckley was ajipointed
State geologist of Texas, and, contiiuiing his botanical studies, he
enjoyed ample opportunities for discovering many undescribed plants.
He never lost his interest in botany, and his last years were devoted to
fruit raising and horticulture at Austin, Tex., where he died in 1J584.
l^uckleya. a remarkable shrub of the North Carolina mountains, com-
memorates Buckley's zealous eti'orts in th(> cause of Southern botany.

HEZEKIAII (lATKS.

Dr. Hezekiali (rates, a nativ«; of New England and for many years
a successful apothecary at Mobile, was the first collector of Alatnuna
plants from the coast region, Avhen'ce he contributed valua})le material
to Torrey and Gray for their Flora of North America, from the year
1830 to the early forties. He died at Mobile in 1850 (0. Prof. Asa
Gray dedicated to his memor}' the genus Gatesia. a monotypical peren-
nial of the Southwest, native from Alabama to eastern Texas; but
unfortunately the name Gatesia has had to Ix' given up, having been
previously applied to ant^ther })lant.

Pi^ hxla^^u^ fi/^^y^

EXPLORATIONS OF PETERS, BEAUMONT, AND NEVIUS. 17

THOMAS MINOTT PETEES.

Thomas Minott Peters, of New England parentage, but a graduate
of the L'niversity of Alabama, was engaged in the practice of law
until his death, June 14, 1888. He served his State as a representa-
tive in the legislative assembly and afterwards as a State senator. In
1861) he was appointed a judge of the supreme court for a term of six
years. In his love for botany he found recreation from his profes-
sional duties, and his greatest enjoyment was to wander through the
adjacent mountains in search of plants. The study of lichens and
fungi attracted him particularly, and he was one of the few mycolo-
gists working in the Southern field along with Curtis and Ravenel. Of
his zeal and activity in this line the long list of Southern fungi of his
contribution, published by M. A. Curtis and Berkeley, bears ample
testimony. He was also a close observer and accurate student of the
plants of higher orders. He first brought to light the delicate and
extremely rare fern, Trichomanes petei^sii^ described by Gray, with
others like it hidden in the dark recesses of rocky defiles and the so-
called '' rock houses." He gave close attention to the species of Carex,
furnishing the investigators of this difiicult genus with material from
a region unknown to botanists. In acknowledgment of the services
rendered him, Boott, of London, one of the first authors on these plants,
presented him with a copy of his magnificent work. Illustrations of
the Genus Carex. These classical and valuable volumes Judge Peters
bequeathed to the University of Alabama, his alma mater, together
with his mycological herbarium and collection of Carices, all mounted
and labeled. In 1880 the writer had the privilege of enjoying the
company of this venerable botanist during his inA^estigations of the
forests in Lawrence and Winston counties, and also received from him
much valuable information on the mountain flora of the State, made
use of in the present work.

BEAUMONT, NEVIUS, AND RECENT COLLECTORS.

John F. Beaumont, of German extraction, was born in Pennsylva-
nia in 1825. Judge Peters speaks of Beaumont as a man of a fair clas-
sical education, an enthusiastic student of botany, and a contributor to
our knowledge of Alabama plants who, following his own example,
became the active correspondent of Tuckerman and the other botanists
already named. After some years spent as a missionary in Africa, he
returned to Alabama, where he taught school. He died at Troy about
the close of the civil war. He discovered that interesting grass,
Luziola alahamensis^ first described in Chapman's Flora (18()()).

The Rev. R. D. Nevius collected plants in 1853-54 in the vicinity of
Tuscaloosa. He is the discoverer of the singular shrub Neviusia, named
15894 2

IH I'LANT Lll'K OK ALAHAMA.

ill lii> lioiioi' l»\ (iiMV. wliirli is (•()iiliii('<l (o m ^iip/lc Uviililv on tlio
Wanks of (lie AlalmiiKi K*i\ • r.

Mole iTcciillv Diir know lr(lL;(' of the tloi'ii of Aliibiiiiia has )»0('n
«,T<'atly cni'icliid liy llif <'\l»'nsi\(' collections made liv Profs, I-'. S.
Kailc and L. M. I'lKlcrwood in ISIHI, and also l»y those made the fol-
jowinu- s|)i'inti- ii"d suniiiiei- l>y Professors Karle and Carl F. Baker.

GENERAL PHYSIOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE.
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.'

Alaliania. cxtcndiiio- from the shoros of the (riilf of Mexico in hiti-
tiid<' ;')<> 'M' to the I'ini of th(^ hi<rhlaiids of 'rcnnessee under the
thirty-lifth parallel of latitude, presents two w(dl-inarke(l divisions
which nearly coincide with the northern and southern halves of the
State, and wiiich an; readily distinguished l>y climatic diffei'onces,
topoerapiiical features, and e-eolou-ical structure, and l»y the aspect of
the vegetation corresponding with these conditions. The upper or
noi'thern division emhracesthe mountainous region of the State, which
oU'eis great complexit}' in its geological formation, almost every
stratum of the various geological epochs being here represented. This
gives rise to gi-eater diversity of topography and soil than exists in
any othcM- of the (iulf Stat(\s, thus producing that variety of resources
wITkIi gi\('s Alaliania such a prominent position among her sister
States.

'['he lower division, which occupies the southern half of the State,
can lie considei'ed as a vast plain of great iinifoi-mity in its general
featuri>s; gently undulating where the loose sedimentary strata of the
Post-Tertiary foi'uiations pr(\v;iil, and broken where the cherty ridges
of the Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks otl'ered greater resistance to
erosion by water.

TIIK roASTAI- IM.AIN.

The sivlimentary strata forming the Coastal plain cover three-fifths
of the area of the State. In the lower part, in ^Mobile and Baldwin
counties, this plain rises in gentle swells to 800 feet above the tide-
wtiter region, reaching at its northern limit an average elevation of
about 500 feet above the sea. For a distance of from 80 to 100 miles
from the seashore this plain is almost entirely covered with the man-
tle of sands and gravels of the Lafayette formation, the oldest of the
Post-T(>rtiarv strata, which give rise to soils varying from almost
pure sand to loamy sand and generous sandy loams, and support a
rather uniform but magnificent vegetation of coniferous trees. To
the north of these terrains appear the limestones and marls of the

' Drawn chiefly from the Reports of the Geological Survey of Alabama, 1875 to
iwm, by K. A. Sinitli, State Geologist.

COASTAL PLAIN AND REGION OF CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. 19

Tertiary formation, slightly dipping south and southeast. The warm,
fertile, calcareous soils nvsulting from admixtures of these strata with
the Lafayette loams support an arboreal ^'eg•etation of varied char-
acter. The lower members of this formation, Buhrstone strata, con-
sisting of hard, flinty limestones, render the surface of the plain
broken by cherty hills which rise above the underlying lignite marls.
Further north these hills merge into the cretaceous plain, or " Black
Belt," so called on account of the })lack lime soil, the great agricul-
tural region of the State. This Black Belt is followed by a belt of
gravels and sand, partly of the lowermost Cretaceous (Tuscaloosa) for-
mation, partly of the Lafayette formation, in which sandy loams pre-
vail, and which is from 5 to 30 miles in width, widening at its western
border, where it suddenly takes a northern direction and forms the
geological feature of that section of the State to the Tenn(\ss(^e River.
This central belt of sands and pebbles forms the northern border of
the great Coastal plain, separating the Paleozoic from the Mesozoic
formations. Through its southern portion runs the border line between
the two principal biological divisions of the State, the Austroriparian
or Louisianian life area and the Carolinian life area (Merriam).

North of this Coastal plain rise the highlands of Alabama with their
mineral wealth, which cover about two-fifths of the area of the State.
The first terrace of this mountainous region forms the so-called "Fall
line." Here the head of river navigation is reached, the tri})utaries
of the Tombigbee and Alal)ama in this region making their way over
rocky obstructions, over shoals and through rapids, to the main chan-
nels of the extensive drainage area south of the Tennessee River.

Rl^GION OF CRYSTALLINE KOCKS.

Ascending this terrace at the falls of the Tallapoosa River, the most
easterly of the tributaries of the Alabama, the region of crystalline
or metamorphic rocks is reached. This extreme southern extension
of the eastern Appalachian ranges consists of a congeries of crystal-
line rocks, to a small extent granitic, mostly of stratified gneiss,
micaceous schists, argillaceous shales, and quartzites, wrinkled by
many folds and deeply furrowed by the effects of erosion. The
difierent degrees of resistance to this agency offered by these various
rocks give rise to an ever-changing configuration of the surface,
and to wide variations in the mechanical and chemical conditions
of the soil. The folds of the highly siliceous slates and (luartzites
form sharp crested ridges of an elevation not reached in any other
part of the State, while the stratified gneissic rocks and clayey
slates most prone to decay under atmospheric influences form the
undulating uplands. The sandy soils derived from the first men-
tioned siliceous rocks, often intermixed with the angular fragments of
quartz and hard slates, render the surface obdurately sterile: while

LM) PLANT LIKK (>K AI.AliAMA.

t lie l:il tiT r()fk>. (Iccoiiii )(•>(■(! and coiivTi-tt'd /// sil n itilo st rat iti('(l days,
I'oriii tlic (It'cj). warm soil of" a I'cj^ioii iiotrd I'oi- iN I'l-rt Hit y.

'I'lic iiictaiiiorpliic i'('»;ioii »'.\tcii(U without any iMlciTuptioii Iroiu the
central licit ot" saiuU and i;i"a\'cls alon^• the castei'n Wordcr of the State
nearh to its noi'thei-n Itoiiiidary.

KKIMON OK IIIK COAI, MKASl KKS.

The lare-est poiiion of the northei'n part of theSt;ite is occupied hy
the Coal Measures. There are three coal tields i-ecouni/ed, more or
h\ss separated hy other formations which will !>«' })i«'seiitly referred to.
The most southiu'ii of these tields is the Cahaha coal Held, hejriiniinjr
al)o\e the shoals of the C'aiiaba Kiver. This iield is separat«»d from
the A\'arrior tield by the Birmingham or .Jones Valley toward the
northwest, and from the C-oosa coal tield ]>y the Cahaha Valley toward
the southeast. The southern outlines of this region ai'c extremel}'
])roken; the strata of the steep rugged hills disturl)ed l»y many folds
and faults are dee})ly furrowed liy erosion. The principal })ai-t of this
region is formed b}' the Warrior t-oal tield, a triangular area, wnth the
southei'n corner at the shoals of the Warrior near Tuscaloosa. The
topographical features of the western field are of much greater uni-
formity than those of the Cahaba field. In the lower part of the
basin pi'oper, where soft shales overlie tiie lower conglomerate of the
Coal Measures, the surface is undulating, the highest swells rising-
most frequently to low hills. Toward the north the hills pass gradu-
ally into the table-lands formed ])y the heavy bedded sandstones of
the upper conglomerate, which exhit)it an almost hoi'izontal stratifica-
tion. These table-lands are the flattened summits of the several con-
verging spurs of the Appalachian chain, known north of the Tennessee
River as th(> Cuml)erland Mountains and south of the river as the
Sand Mountains: the latter with escarpments fronting the Tennessee
VaUey toward the north, and toward the southeast, Blounts Valley,
which is formed l)y the southern extension of the Se<piatchee fold.
The tal)Ie-land lying between Blounts Valley and Big Wills Valley
in the southeast is known as the Raccoon Mountain. The table-land
of the i-ange forming the eastern border of Big Wills A'allev is know^n
as Lookout Mountain, the steep escarpment of which fronts the Coosa
Valley.

This highland area of the Coal Measures presents in its general
aspect a somewhat rolling plateau. It rises to an elevation of from
1,000 to a little over 2,000 feet above the adjacent valleys. It slopes
gently awa}' from the greatest elevations in the north to the north-
western limits of the region, where the Coal Measures disappear under
the deposits of more recent formations; and to the south, where it
passes graduallv into the lower hills in the Warrior coal basin proper.

COOSA AND TENNESSEE VALLEYS. 21

REGION OF THE COOSA VALLEY.

Between the region of crystalline rocks and the region of the Coal
Measures a narrow area inserts itself, extending in a southwesterly
direction along the course of the Coosa River for a distance of about
50 miles, located upon the line of the greatest disturbance caused by
the Appalachian upheaval. Consisting of an anticlinal valley, the river
valley proper, and a succession of vertically uplifted strata of Cam-
brian and Silurian rocks with successive faults, the surface of this
region is extremely broken and presents a mountainous aspect. To
the southeast of the anticlinal, through which the river winds its way,
the hard Lower Cambrian sandstone, offering the greatest resistance
to the action of water, forms the most prominent ridges in the Alpine,
Cold water, and Ladiga mountains, reaching a height of from 1,800 to
2,000 feet above the sea. The upper aluminous strata of the Cam-
brian shales cover the floors of the valleys, where from want of drain-
age the}' give rise to the stifl' impervious clay soils of the '•flatwoods."
Areas of these flatwoods are found in the anticlinal valle}^ itself, which
is for considerable distances covered by drifted sands and gravels.
Where the cherty beds of the Silurian dolomite prevail, the surface
in the valley's is more or less broken and the soil thin. The surface
soil of the Coosa Valley along the banks of the river (i. e., in St. Clair
County) is underlaid by the Subcarboniferous shales.

Running mainly parallel with the Coosa Valley and similarly inter-
secting the Coal Measures there are several smaller valleys similar
to the Coosa Valley proper in their geological and topographical
conditions.

REGION OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY.

The remainder of the northern part of the State north and west of
the Coal Measures is covered by the strata of the Subcarboniferous
formation, which form the region drained by the Tennessee River.
The river basin is about 45 miles wide, and toward its northern and
southern limit is hilly, and often even mountainous. The plain
through which the Tennessee River winds its tortuous way is from 12
to 15 miles wide. On the western frontier of the State the river level
is about 180 feet above tide water, w'hile near Huntsville it reaches an
elevation of 612 feet.

West of the table-land of the Cumberland Mountains, already
spoken of in connection with the Coal Measures, this plain or valley
proper is bounded by the Highlands of Tennessee, described as a
plateau of from 700 to 800 feet abov'e the sea. through which numer-
ous streams have cut their deep and narrow channels, rendering the
surface very broken and hillv. South of the river the escarpment of
the Sand Mountain forms the southern boundary of the valley. From
the eastern part of Morgan County in a northwesterl}' direction the

22 PLANT LIFK <»F ALABAMA.

vallt'N i> t i":i\('i-sc(l liy (lie Little Mountain fant^c. wliidi owes its oxist-
t'licc t(t the SulH-arlumitt'idiis sandstones wliicli lia\e resisted erosion.
'Ilie de|)i-ession hetween the main fanii'e (Sand Mountain) and Little
Miuuilain w idens l»v tlieif di\ crLience into a l)tdad \allev <»!' the same
eliaratter as the main valley.

Where tho uppermost cherty strata of the Suhearljonit'erous lime-
stone form tiie surt'aee rock the surface soil is li«>ht and more or less
siliceous. 'Hiis kind of soil })revails chielly toward the northern limit
of the \alley. The soil of the river plain proper. r«'stin*^ upon tho
lower and more purely calcareous strata, is of j>-reat fertility.

RIVER SYSTEM.

Its extensive river system forms a most prominent feature in the
physical geography of the State. Many of the larger tributaries of
the main channels of drainage are navigable, and their innumerable
feeders, the creeks and streams, traverse highlands and ])lains in all
dii'«M'tions. ati'ording an abundant water supply in ev'ery part of the
State.

TENNESSEE RIVER.

Among the principal rivers is the Tennes.see. most remarkable
for its anomalous course. It rises in the mountains a short distance
beyond the Ijorder of southwestern Virginia, and following mainly
a southwestern course it becomes navigable at Knoxville. A short
distance south of Chattanooga it cuts its channel through a southwest-
ern range of the Cumberland Mountains, and enters Alabama at the
northeastern corner at Bridgeport. From this point it Hows in a
nearh' uniform southwestern course about 75 miles, when it reaches
Guntersville. Here it turns abruptly to the northwest, reaching the
Mussel Shoals, 10 miles below Decatur. These shoals are formed of
hard, tiinty rocks, over which the water rushes in a series of shallow
cascades for a distance^ of about 88 miles, forming an insurmountable
o])stacl(» to navigation as far as Florence. From Florence the river is
again naviga])le. It takes a northerl}^ turn at Waterloo, and leaving
the State near its northwest corner, continues in this direction, and
after a course of 2i)6 miles empties into the Ohio River at Paducah,
K}'., making the distance from its source 1,037 miles.

The vast area south of the Tennessee River is in the main drained
by the Tombigl)ee River and its tributaries, the larger ])eing the Sip-
sey and Black Warrior; and the Alabama River with its trilnitaries,
of which the chief are the Coosa and the Tallapoosa. These main
channels of drainage find their outlet into the bay of Mo])ile through
the IVIobile River, which is formed by their confluence about 50 miles
above the river delta.

ALABAMA AND TOMBIGBEE RIVEE8. 23

ALABAMA RIVER.

This is the largest and most important of the waterways of Alabama.
It is formed b}- the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, a
little southeast of the center of the State. It cuts its way through the
rotten limestone and underlying sands of the Cretaceous formation, and
farther south through the limestones and marls of the Tertiary forma-
tion, flowing not infrequently ])etween the vertical walls of high ])lufl's
formed by the horizontal strata, at other times winding through wide
low bottom lands of great fertilit3\ In its lower course toward its
confluence with the Tombigbee River it passes through beds of sand
and pebbles of more recent formation, and pine-clad hills front its
banks, with wide cypress swamps where the banks are almost perpet-
ualh^ submerged, or extensive hardwood forests where less subject to
overflow. From the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa to the
confluence of the Tombigbee with the Alabama, the length of the latter
is variousl}' estimated at from 312 to 400 miles. The average depth
from Mobile to Claiborne is from 6 to T feet, and from Claiborne to
Montgomer}^ it varies from 3 to 5 feet. The Alabama River passes
througli the richest agricultural region of the State, and through the
Maritime Pine belt, its great timber region.

TOMBIGBEE RIVER.

This river is formed by the confluence of the Little Tombigbee or
Upper Tombigbee and the Warrior River in Marengo County, a short
distance above Demopolis, and unites with the Alabama Ri^er 243 miles
south of that place. The course of the river is ahnost due south, trav-
ersing a country rich in agricultural products, its banks often spread-
ing out in heavil}" timbered bottoms. The character of the country
traversed is the same as of that crossed by the Alal)ama River. The
Tombigbee River is throughout its course in the State navigable by
steamers for nearly the whole year. The numerous feeders of the
Little Tombigbee River take their rise on the southwestern rim of the
Warrior highlands and among the gravellv hills in the -southwestern
extension of the watershed of the Tennessee basin. The most impor-
tant tributary of the Tombigbee is the Black Warrior River with its
two forks, the Locust and the Mulberry, both of which take their rise
in the wild ravines of the Warrior table-lands. These forks unite on
the dividing line between Walker and Jefferson counties, the river
continuing its southwestern course for about 50 miles farther. On
reaching Tuscaloosa the Warrior takes a more southerly direction
and unites with the Little Tombigbee about 170 miles below Tusca-
loosa. According to the late Professor Tuome}" the fall of the War-
rior River between its source and Tuscaloosa is nearly 1,000 feet,
or 5 feet to the mile, and between the latter place and Mobile the

24 PLANT 1,1 KK <>K ALAHAMA.

Avutors wliicli imitr with llic W anior l\i\t'r li:i\ f a fall of only KJl feet,
t)r r> inches in a iiiih'. It is lor this n-ason that the W aiTJor River
ris(>s duriiii:' freshets to the heieht of .')(> feet at 'I'liscaloosa, the water
Ix'iiie- suddenly ehci'ked l»y the diminished fall and t hei-efore aceuinu-
latine- at that point. Al)o\ e 'i'usealoosa the W'aiiior or l;la<k \\'an'i()r
Ki\er is not navigahh'.

("oosA KI^■I•:l{.

This is the largest of the trilmtaries of the Alahania and is formed
by the junction of the Oostenaula and Ktowah rivers at Rome, in
uortheni (Georgia. After a southerly course of UH) miles, the river
enters Alabama in Cherokee County, where, continuing its southerly
trend, it joins the Tallapoosa River at a distance of 334 miles from
Rome. The river is navigable from Rome to Clreensport, a distance
of 180 miles. From the latter point to Wetumpka, a distance of 137
miles, navigation is interrupted by a series of shoals and reefs of
ragged rocks, but from the latter point it is navigable again to its
confluence with the Tallapoosa River. The chief tributaries of the
Coosa River take their rise in the Blue Ridge and the Alleghenies of
Georgia. The I tanks of this river arc mostly high. It passes through
a country rich in its mineral, agricultural, and forest wealth.

CAHABA RIVER AND SMALLER STREAMS.

Th(^ Cahaba is one of the smaller tributaries of the Alabama, into
which it empties 289 miles above Mo})ile. It takes its rise in the
lower hill country in or near St. Clair County, draining a mineral
region containing the coal field of the same name, and passing through
the rich agricultural counties of Perry and Dallas. In former years
steamers ascended from its mouth to Centerville. in Bib!) County, a
distance of 80 miles.

Smaller streams affecting the drainage of the Coastal plain east of
the basin of the Alabama River are the F^scambia River and the Choc-
tawhatchee River, the former emptying into Pensacola Bay, The
Chattahoochee River, with an almost directly southern flow, forms the
boundary between Alabama and southwestern Georgia, forming by its
confluence with the Flint River of the latter State the Apalacliicola
River, a deep stream, to its mouth inclosed mostly between extensive
forest-clad swamps and cypress brakes, and emptying into Apalachi-
cola Bay. The Chattahoochee River is navigable throughout the \'ear
between Bainbridge and Columbus, Ga. Its banks are lined with
steep blufls of the later Tertiary strata.

CLIMATE.

Owing to its geographical position, extending from its northern
contiues to the Gulf shore, over five degrees of latitude, and further to

TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS.

25

the difference in elevation between its northern and southern sections,
the State of Alabama is favored by a varied, but in its extremes not
excessive climate. The climatic conditions give rise in the upper
part of the State to a vegetation closel}^ related in character to that
prevailing in the cooler temperate zone, and in the lower division
stamp upon it the features of subtropical i-egions. Such conditions
admit the successful cultivation within its borders of almost all the
chief crops and many other useful and ornamental plants raised in
higher latitudes, and also the cultivation of the great industrial staple
crops and others serving for the sustenance of man and domestic ani-
mals, originally derived from warmer zones.

TEMPERATURE.

Equall}' open to the influences of the warm and vapor-laden breezes
from the Mexican Gulf and the intertropical Atlantic Ocean and the
cool and drier aerial currents from the north unimpeded by mountain
ranges or table-lands of very great elevation, the climate is mild and
equable. The following table, transcribed from the diagram com-
piled by Prof. P. H. MelP from the records of the Alabama State
weather service, showing for the entire State the monthly mean
maximum and mean mininuim temperatures and their average, exhibits
the run of temperature during the course of the year. The regularity
with which it proceeds within comparatively narrow limits from month
to month, in the line of the mean maximum as well as the mean mini-
mum temperature, both series keeping close to the line of the aver-
age temperature, makes the mildness and uniformity of the climate at
once apparent.

Data of temperature by months {degrees F.) .

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Mean maximnm

54.4
43.2
35.5

59
49
38.7

64.3

57

46

70

65.2

56.8

75
73
65.8

83
80
73.2

86.7

81

75.5

86
78
73.8

82
73
66

72
64
56

61
56
44.2

54

M ean average'

M ean minimum

48
42

The following gives similar information for the seasons and the
average temperature of the year:

Data of temperature by seasons and for the year {degrees F. ) .

Mean temperature

Mean maximum (6 year.s) ,
Mean minimum (6 years) .
Widest range (6 years)

Spring.

Summer.

Autumn.

Winter.

63

80

63

50

90

94

92

71

30

38

26

15

60

56

66

56

Whole
year.

63

' P. H. Mell, Climatology of Alabama, Bulletin 18, Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, new series, August, 1890, p. 31.

26 PLANT LIKE OK ALABAMA.

'riif r:iiiu»' lu'twfcii till' lowest and liij^licst iiiraii tciii])<'i-al iii'cs for a
jx'iiod of Iwt'Mlx -tlii"cf \cars ((tvci's ^>2 . with ;>."> in .lanuaiy and sT
in Julv for cxtrcnics. Tlic widest i-aiicre in the extremes ()f teiupeni-
ture observed once in that pei-iod covers 1(»4 between the absolute
miniimini of "J in January' an<l the absolute niaxiuiuui of loti in
.July.

In the southei-n dixision of the Stiite. which is luaiidy embraced
within the isothermal lines of tis and (54 F., tiie lines of mean annual
temperatui-e follow with but slii>ht deviiition tln' parallels of latitude.
Between the isothermal line of <>4 and that of 6U"^ extends a central
belt closely foUowine- the terrace that divides the northern and south-
ern divisions of the State. The lines of nu'an annual temperature
of 00"^ and &2^ include its northei-n dixision.

RAINFALL.

The meteorological region including Alabama receives the supply
of moisture for its precipitation ])rincipally from the Gulf of Mexico.
In the distribution over time and space the rainfall is of great uni-
formity. According to the records of the State weather service,^
consisting of observations made at the 48 different stations through
periods of from tw'o to over thirty years, the amuial rainfall for the
entire State is about 52 inches. Of this amount 14.52 inches falls
during the winter months, December, January, and February; 14.83
inches in the spring; 13.21 inches in the summer, and not quite 10
inches (9.55) in the autumn. The greatest annual rainfall does not
exceed (55 inches at any place and the least falls not below 41.75 inches.
The numl)er of rainy days in a year observed during a period of six
successive years fluctuates between 74 and 117, according to the records
kept at ^lontgomery: no periods of w^et weather (>xtend over five
days.-

Snow falls occasionally in the northern i)art of the State; usuall}'
one considerable snow fall occurs during midwinter. In the lower
part it snow^s very rarely.

Such a plentiful and evenly distributed, but not excessive, supply
of atmospheric moisture, in connection with a mijd and (equable tem-
perature, is productive of a highly luxuriant vegetation, which is most
strikingly exhibited in its arboreal growth.

WINDS.

In its correlation with temperature, precipitation, and cloudiness,
wind exercises a potent influence upon the climate. The prevailing

' On February 13, 1899 (not included in the above period) , the temperature fell at
Tuscaloosa to 6° or 7° lielow zero F. and at Mobile to 3° below.

2 P. H. Mell, Climatology of Alabama, op. cit., pp. 28,29,59.

*E. A.Smith, Agrieultiiral Features of Alal)aiiia. Report of Geological Survey of
Alabama for 1880 and 1881.

PKINCIPLES OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION. 27

winds in Alabama come from the south, southeast, and southwest.
According to the meteorological summary of the observations collated
by the State service, covering a period of six successive years, the
winds from these directions prevailed in fortj^-one out of the seventj^-
two months, and they are most likely to be followed by rain, most
frequently l)y a heavy precipitation, when coming from the east, south,
or southeast. The cool and dr}" winds from the north and northwest
are least likely to be followed by rain. The western and northwest-
ern currents prevailed during the period stated in twenty-three months,
the north and northeasterly onl}^ in eight months. From the wind
chart showing the average direction of the wind in Alabama from
1884 to 1889, it appears that southeastern winds prevailed almost
exclusively during the winter and earlier part of the spring, but with
some northwestern winds; that winds from the northwest and north-
east predominated in spring and in summer, and that in autumn the
winds were from the south, southeast, or southwest, and more rarely
from a northern direction. The differences in mean annual directions
of the wind are l)ut slight. In their rush toward centers of depres-
sion, the warm winds from the south, charged with moisture, imping-
ing upon the cold currents from the north, produce a whirlpool,
resulting in electrical storms, generally with a heavy rainfall, often
assuming the force of a tornado. These tornadoes, moving generally
in a northeasterly direction, are most frequent in the north-central
part of the State, and happen most often in the latter part of the winter
or in the spring.

CLOUDINESS.

South and southwestern winds are generally followed by a sunny
sky, those coming from the east and northeast by a veil of clouds
which strong blasts from the north are apt to rend and disperse.
According to the meteorological summary quoted,^ in a succession of
six years the number of clear days per year averaged 120, of fair days
119, and of cloudy days 116. No data are at hand for the deduction
of the average duration of sunshine during this period.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.

Wherever life finds support plant life thrives and is reproduced, but
no one plant, except perhaps a few of the lowest forms, is found dis-
persed over every part of the globe. Every one of the multitude of
forms which constitute the plant covering of the earth is bv its organi-
zation restricted within certain limits. It grows and reproduces its
kind in those places where conditions of climate and soil are most
favorable for its particular needs. If all plants could adapt themselves

'P. H. Mell, Climatology of Alabama, op. cit., pp. 59 to 63.

28 I'l.ANT I.IFK «»K A I. A HA MA.

to tlii'ir suiTouiiilinus with tM|ii:il finilily. llit'ir would lit- no limit to
tlu'ir tlispcrsioii o\irr\(M\ j):irt ot the ;^lol)r wIhtc lite exists, only
witii tlu' i-('st'i-v:itioii that in thr st rii»:«rlf for the possession of the
tji-oimd tho>c of JiJLihesI \ itality. endowed w ith ti'i'i'iitest power of re-
production and possessed of spei'ial facilities for dissemination, would
overcome the less faxored and e\-entually establish themsel\-es, to the
exclusion of others, upon the a\ailal)le space. It is by the di\ersity (d"
theii- ( limatic recpiirements. their \iiryiii«z' decrees of dependence upon
the uni\ersal en\ ironmental factor.s — air. liuht. heat, and moisture (the
last two heinu- tl"' principal ones)--tliat jdaiits are restri<'ted within
specitic limits.

The dependence of plant distribution upon heat is demonstrated l)y
the ditl'erent character of the vegetation under ditiorent parallels from
the poles to the ('(piator. and vertically in the ascent from the shore of
the sea to the heiiihtsof the mountains. As Alexander von Humboldt
oraphically and ehxiuently expresses it: '* I'nlike in design and weave
is the '-arpet whicii the plant world in the abundance of its flowers has
spread over the naked crust of the earth, more denscdy woven where
the sun ascends hioher on the cloudless sky, looser toward the slug-
gish poles, where the early returning frost nips the undeveloped bud
and snatclu's the barely matured fruit. Kvery zone is endo^ved with
peculiar charms — the tropical in the variety and grand development of
its production, the northern in its fresh meadows and in the periodical
revival of nature and the influences of the first breezes of the spring.
Besides having its own special advantages, every zone is marked by a
peculiar character." It is a fact well established by observation that
the same or more or less closely related ft)rms will often appear under
similar climatic conditions in parts of the globe widely separated by
oceans or deserts. This applies, if not to predominating specitic and
generic types, at least to representative orders. On the summits of
mountains, covered for the greater part of the year with snow and ice,
plants are found which are at home in the Boreal Zone; again, the flora
of the equatorial zone bears the same gejuM'al features around the globe.
Plants with the same climatic recpiirements, calling therefore for the
same physiological fimctions, nin-essarily show similarities in their
morphological development, and thus we fljid that in difl'erent parts
of the globe the plants exhibit a stronger or feebler resemblance
morphologically.

PLANT ZONES OF HUMBOLDT BASED ON ISOTHERMAL LINES.

Alexander von IIuml)oldt was the flrst to divide upon these princi-
ples the surface of the globe into botanical zones and to lay the foun-
dation of the science of plant geograpliy . Each of these distinct zones
of plant life exhibits features which are al)sent or at most more or less
feebly represent(Hl in the other zones.

LIFE ZONES OF HUMBOLDT AND OF MERRIAM. 29

Recognizing- heat as tiie prime factor in the distribution of plants,
this great investigator of nature established the boundaries of plant
zones by connecting the points having the same mean annual tempera-
ture. The resulting isothermal lines denote broadly the limits within
which certain plants find their demands upon this factor satisfied. He
established for plant as well as for animal life the following life zones:
The Boreal, or Northern; the Austral, or Southern, and the Tropical
Zone, The borders of these zones rarely conform with the parallels
of latitude, but frequently diverge widely from them, according to the
elevation of the land, moving northward when they pass over lowlands,
moving southward when running over the mountains, and also affected
by the prevailing aerial currents and proximity to the sea. Since, how-
ever, two points of the same mean annual temperature may present
wide differences in the extremes of annual, monthly, or daily tempera-
ture, and since the physiological functions and the development process
must be correlated with these conditions, the zonal divisions established
upon these isothermal lines are in a high degree faulty.

LIFE ZONES ESTABLISHED BY MERRIAM.

The amount of heat required to accomplish the cycle from germina-
tion or the first movement in the unfolding bud to the maturity of the
seed has been called the physiological constant of the species, which
for a given species has been ascertained to remain the same wherever
it may grow. To determine this constant the temperature of 43^ F.
(6° C.) has been assumed by phj^siologists in general as the lowest
point at which germination and bud movement takes place. As to the
method of establishing this physiological constant opinions differ
widely, some investigators believing that the desired coefficient is
obtained by multiplying the mean temperature of a certain period by
the num))er of daj^s, while others find it in the sum of the maxima
shown by the thermometer exposed to the sun (maxima of insolation).

Merriam recognizes it as a law that the physiological constant rests
upon the sum of the mean daily temperatures during the cycle of
vegetation.^ By adding the mean daily temperatures above the
assumed zero point of ^'egetation at numerous stations of observa-
tion from spring until such time in the fall as the temperature again
falls to the zero point, and connecting stations of the same sum
of these effective temperatures, lines are established which are
regarded b}' Merriam as determining the northern limit of
the species. In its southward distribution he finds a barrier in the

^C. Hart Merriam, "Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution
of terrestrial animals and plants," Nat'l Geogr. Mag., vol. 6, pp. 229 to 238, 3 col.
maps, 1894; The geographic distribution of animals and plants in North America,
Yearbook Dept. Agr. for 1897, pp. 203 to 214; Life zones and crop zones of the LTnited
States, Bull. No. 10, Div. Biol. Surv., U. 8. Dept. Agr.

IW IT, A NT \.\VK OK A I, A HAM A.

mean trinjtcralun' (liiriiiLT :i l»rirt' jH-rind coxciiiij^" the lioltcst |»art ol
the ycai'.

Tlu'Sf hoiindarics were IOiiikI (<» confonii with the liinils of dis-
t ril)ii(i(Hi ol" species as arrived al l»y lield olisei\at ioii>. 1 )in'ei'eiico.s
ill moisture, the factor next in importuiice to heat in the distril»ution
of life — on this continent most potent in its inlliience fi'om east to
west — detei'miiie the disti-iluition of animals and plants within dis-
tinct areas of tiiese life zones.

Based on thesi> principles Dr. McM'i'iain recoefiii/es in the North
American continent three primary divisions or reeions Hoi'eal. Aus-
tral, and Tropical -and se\-en transcontinental zones. His (dassifica-
tion is as follows:

I Arctic or Arctic- Allelic '/.(inc.
Hnil>i(»naii Zone.
CaiKidian Zone.

Alloghcnian Area.

' Transition Zone { A ri< 1 Transition A rca.

Pacilic Coast Transition Area.

AisTKAL Region.

r. 1,1'/ /Carolinian Area.

i nucr . iistnti Zone < ,t , , .

'' \ Up])er Sonoran Area.

r i 4 I V / Austrorii)arian Area.

Lower A iixtral Zone % , ,,' .

\ l.,o\ver .Sonoran Area.

T, r, f Humid Tropical.

lUOlMCAl. KE(iION < . • 1 rn • ^ 1

\Arid Tropical.

BOREAL REGION.

This, as seen in th(> table, presents three ti(dts or natural suhdivi-
sions.

AKCTie OK AKCTK-ALJ'INE ZONE.

This division, the first of the three, extends from the limit of tree
growtli to the polar lands. The greatest portion is covered with eternal
snow and ic(>, and farther south it intdudes the sununits of the moun-
tains reaching- al)ove the line of arboreal growth, subject to the same
conditions. This zone is recognized by some writers as the hyper-
boreal region, and as the realm of mosses and saxifrages.

nUDSONlAN ZONK.

The second, namely, the Hudsonian or subarctic zone, embrac^es the
most northern part of the American forest. Its spruces, firs, and
most of its l)irches and aspens extend from the shores of La])rador to
Alaska. This zone is spoken of as the Northern Forest or Lacustrian
Forest of the North.

CANADIAN' ZO.VE.

This is the third sul)division, or the second of the northern belts
of cone-bearing trees. In this zone pines, spruces, firs, and hendocks
outnumber the deciduous forest growth. In the southern and warmer
parts of this belt the cultivation of the hardier cereals — oats, r3^e,
barley — is possible, and potatoes and other root crops succeed.

AUSTRAL REGION AND ITS ZONES. 31

AUSTRAL REGION.

The great transcontinental Austral Region covers nearly the whole
of the United States except northern New England, northern Michi-
gan and Minnesota, and the higher mountains genei'ally. It embraces
three distinct life zones — Transition, Upper Austral, and Lower
Austral.

TRANSITION ZONE.

This includes the vast forests of deciduous trees of the cooler tem-
perate region of the continent. Here the outposts of the northern
types meet those of a decidedl}^ southern distribution. In its exten-
sion from east to west this zone presents three well-marked "areas,"
or floras.

AUeghenian Area. — The hiunid eastern division, the Alleghenian
Area, extends from the coast of New England to the eastern
border of the grassy plains west of the Mississippi River and pushes
southward in a long arm along the heights of the Allegheny Moun-
tains to Georgia and nearly to the border of Alabama. In its forests
oaks, hickories, chestnuts, and locusts, with rhododendrons, azaleas,
andromedas, and other shrubs of the heather family, mingle with the
birches, aspens, mountain ash, ashes, the northern spruces, lirs, hem-
lock, and pines, and other cone-bearing trees at home farther south.
In addition to small grains, the Indian corn (maize) is grown here;
the potato, with a number of other root crops, is raised, and apples,
pears, cherries, and plums, and a variety of berries and fruits of the
orchard are common.

i\'ntral Continental Area. — This is the arid middle division of the
Transition Zone, and comprises the dry plains and elevated table-lands
extending from the eastern border of the former to the Cascade and
Sierra Nevada mountains, and corresponds in part to the Central prov-
ince of Gray and the northern prairies of other botanists.

PacijTc Areti. — -This consists of the Pacific slope, west of these
mountains, recognized by botanical writers as the Pacific floral region.

UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE.

This zone is naturally divided into a humid eastern and an arid
western area or flora.

Carolhiian Area. — The eastern division, or Carolinian area, com-
prises the lower part of the northern deciduous forest which covers
the coast region south of New England; an interior portion of the
Southern Atlantic States, including northern Georgia and the larger
part of the upper half of Alabama; the basin of the Ohio River to the
southern shores of Lake Michigan, and the great central valley of the
Mississippi to near latitude 43^, finding its western limit between the
ninetieth and ninety-fifth degrees of longitude. Here the tulip tree

,'i2 ri.ANT LIFK OF ALABAMA.

{IJi'lotl, inlroii fiillj)if,r<i), ciicuiiilxM- ti't'c ( M(i(/n(>l ill iicutn'nuilii), por-
siiniuon {Diosjtijros ri r<iliil<iii<i), sussiitras (Sd.ssufnis siissafrus), l»uck-
(\vt' ( Ar.sri//i/.'< sp|).). swcot *»"uin {IJ</iil(/<iiiihiir .^ti/nidl^ ii<t), thi' fhcstiiut
oak ((Jii< reus iiciiiiiniiiiii)^ and Spanish oak ((Jii,i;-iix dlgitata) make
tlioir api)('ai'aiic('. C'hcstiuit {('(isiiund <l<iif(it<i) and hlack jjfuin (.\//.v.va
si/l riitl<'<i) arc coniinon. and of conc-hcarin};" trees the yellow pine
{Pltnix r<-liiii(ii(i) and scriih pine (/'. rlrijiiiliiiin) ai"e met with. In this
di\ision the (•ulti^■ation ol" Indian corn exceeds that of small <ii'ain.
Soru'huui and the suj^ar beet are successfully o-rown. The culti\ati()n
of the grape and peach adds to th(> variety of the fruits, as also in the
correspondiiio" division of the precedin*'' zone.

The Upp< I' S<))i()>'<()i Area. — This, the arid western division of the
Upper Austral life zone, extends from the vaguely defined limits of
th(> last division over the great western plains; beyond the Rocky
Mountains it covers much of th(^ great l>asin and parts of California.

LOWER AISTKAI, ZONE.

The Lower Austral zone, like the Upper Austral, is divided into a
humid eastern and an arid western area.

Austroriparliui Area or Loiiislanian Flora. — This consists of the
eastern or humid division of the Lower Austral zone, and embraces
in its southern reach the subtropical belt of North America. Begin-
ning with a narrow strip of the Atlantic coast near the southern
shores of Chesapeake Bay, this area covers the coastal plain of the
Southern Atlantic States nearly to the southern extremitv of Florida
and the Gulf States to the center of Texas and the southern section
of Indian Territory, finding its western limit between longitude 90°
and 95°. It follows the lowlands of the Mississippi River toward its
junction with the Ohio. This Louisianian flora has been designated
as the realm of the magnolia, southern pine, and dwarf palmetto.
The greatest part of the arable land is devoted to the cultivation of
cotton. Rice and sugar cane, particularly in the lower part of this
division, contribute to home demands and furnish staple products for
export. The sul)tropical cowpea takes the place of clover for forage
and as an ameliorating crop. The sweet potato is the chief root crop,
and corn is the only grain crop cultivated for breadstuff. Peaches
and grapes are successfully grown, and in the lower belt the loquat
or Japanese medlar, while in proximity to the Gulf the orange ripens
its fruit.

Lower Sonoran Area. — This flora, consisting of the western and
arid extension of the Lower Austral zone, extends from the plains of
western Texas to the Pacific Ocean. It is generally recognized as the
cactus region, or the Mexico-Californiau region.

OTHEK FACTOKS INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTION. 33

TROPICAL REGION.

This zone embraces in eastern North America a narrow belt along
the coasts of the southern extremity of peninsular Florida and the
surrounding keys, and contains part of the West Indian or Antillean
tlora.

SECONDARY FACTORS INFLUENCING PLANT DISTRIBUTION.

Besides the primar}^ factors, heat, light, and atmospheric moisture,
which regulate the distribution of life within the wide areas recog-
nized as life zones, there are others which exercise a potent influence
upon the distriliution of plants in confining them to narrower l)ounda-
ries. The former are due to geographical position, latitude and longi-
tude, extent of land area, presence and position of mountain chains, and
prevailing winds and oceanic currents, while the latter are dependent
on ndnor local conditions, such as altitude, topograph}^, proximity to
large bodies of water, all of which influence the lesser fluctuations of
temperature, precipitation, occurrence of frosts or other extremes,
secondary currents of the air, and exposure to sunlight. In addition
to these and of equal importance are the stratigraphical relations deter-
mining the chemical and physical character of the soil and sul^soil, as
well as the drainage of the surface and the soil l)eneath, which in itself
must be considered as one of the most important of the secondary
factors influencing distribution.

To this class of factors belong also the facilities possessed by
different species for dissemination. These consist chiefly of biological
agencies, special adaptations with which the fruits and seeds of man}'
species are provided, to secure their dispersion. This is effected in
various ways, particularly through the agency of animals. One means
consists of fleshy, sweetish fruits tempting animals to feed upon them.
In most instances the seeds are discharged with their vital power unim-
paired and thus are transferred to distant localities, particularly when
the fruit has served as food for birds. A second means consists of the
prickles, hooks, or stifl", hooked hairs covering the surface of the hard
fruits, by which they attach themselves to wandering animals.

Distribution of seeds is also effected l)y atmospheric agency, the
fruits or seeds being very minute or provided with l)road, wing-like,
or plumose attachments, which enable them to be wafted through
the air. In some cases the sudden tearing asunder of the parts of
the fully-matured hard fruit when touched causes the scattering
of the seeds. Finally, some seeds are disseminated through their
ability to float about in fresh or saline water without losing the power
of genuination.^

• O. Drude, Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie, 121 (1890) .
15894—3

34 ri,.\Nr lifk ok ai.aisama.

'I'lic <)|)|)(iit unilit's tor tlir dispcision <»!" sjx'cics li\- tlicsc iiioans aro
more or less diiiiitiislKMl l»y iii(cr\ cniiiL;' f.\t('ii>i\ r water and desert
areas or liiiili iiiountairi I'anecs.

'riies«' priiiiai'v and secondary t'actoi's. in their e\ cr-varyin*,'' eoinhi-
natioiis, are the conditions hy which the \ai"ioiis associations of species
and tlieir restriction witliin specitic areas ol" ei-catcM- or h-ss extent are
determined. Such areas constitut*' tlie Hoi'al re»;ions: and the system-
atic relationsliii) ol' the ditt'erent species, theii- numei-ical pi'opoitions,
and their various assembhij^'es impart to each ree-ion its lioral character.

SuitabhM'iivironment. tliat is, a proper c()ml)inatio!i of conditions of
moisture, suflicient room and lig'ht, propei' ex])osure, etc.. (h-termines
tlie plai-e in whicli a phmt linds all the icijuirements for its existence
met. that is, its Jidhifaf.

The conditions wiiich outline its hahitat. in comliination with the
greater factors of latitude, altitude, rainfall, etc.. d(>termine tlie distri-
bution of pUints over wider areas, in which th(> particular plant (species)
may find few or maii}^ suitable localities, which areas constitute its
range. Within this ranije the plant may be found in tew or many
places, isolated or gregarious, Ijut outside of this range it does not
occur.

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AS DEPENDING UPON GEOLOGICAL

HISTORY.

The distri})uti()n of plants can not always be explained on the ground
of their dependence upon the atmospheric and terrestrial factors.
The differences in climatic conditions become too insignificant to
explain the continement of many species within extremely narrow
limits, and at the same time topogra})hic and other conditions of
environment offer no satisfactory account. Premising the theory
that the existing ])lants are the descendants of similar tyju's which
flourished in past periods of th(^ history of our globe, in most instances
an explanation is easily found on geological grounds. Viewed in this
light, the occurrence of the hendock (7'sv/f/^/ ca)i(i<le)hsl.s)^ for example,
with its northern companion, the sweet birch, on the extreme southern
extension of the Allegheny Mountains, in Winston County, Ala., in
a completely isolated spot hundreds of miles distant from the range
of its distribution, can be accounted for when the}- are regarded as
the sole remnants of the northei'ii arjjoreal flora which during the
glacial period was jjushed to lower latitudes and which on its recession
to cooler zones left these trees l)ehind in the narrow valle\' of the
Sipsey River, where at present the former shades the cliff-bound
banks. The TorveyA {Tinu ioti ta.vifoliiiiii) and fhe Florida yew {TaxuK
floridana) oi the valley of the Apalachicola Kiver in w^estern Florida,
the American smoketree or chittamwood {('otlmiK cotinoides) in its
isolated localities in north Alabama and southwestern Missouri, and

ECOLOGICAL GROUPING OF PLANTS. 35

the Leitneria (Z. fioridana) in the latter locality and the .swanip.s of
the estuary of the Apalachicola River present similar striking instances
of a strange localization, in some cases within an extremely limited
range. The relation of these woody plants to the flora of a preceding
geological period, of which the present is the progeny, is clearly
proved b}" the remains of almost identical types found buried in the
strata of the Middle Tertiary formation of southern Europe and the
Rocky Mountains. If we regard these plants as the slightly modified
descendants of types belonging to an ancient flora, which have sur-
vived the changes our globe has undergone and have foimd a refuge
in their present localities, the mystery of their strange isolation finds
a satisfactory^ solution. The confinement to a single spot on the
Warrior of Neviusia alabam&iisis^ with its nearest relation in Japan,
and of Crotori alahcnnensis to a secluded valley of Little Cahaba River,
can be accounted for on the same ground.

PLANT FORMATIONS AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.

The same causes to which the restriction of a plant within a floral
region is due, give rise to the grouping of species widely differing in
their natural affinities but equally adapted to accommodate themselves to
the same conditions. Such asseml)lages, forming groups of a definite
character, are by the later writers on plant geography recognized as
plant formations (Grisebach, Drude); or, with respect to their condi-
tions of life, theii' ecological relations as plant associations l)y Warm-
ing.* The former authors define a plant formation as a group of plants
of a definite physiognomic character, such as a forest, a grassy swamp,
the vegetation of a dune of the seashore. The group may be composed
either of only one species, as the forests of long-leaf pine or the South-
ern canebrakes, or characterized by the predominance of species of
the same family or allied families, as most coniferous forests and our
forests of oaks and hickories, or composed of an aggregate of species of
various affinities with some of their features in common, as is the case
with most forests and prairies. These plant formations impress upon
a flora its physiognomy, as was long ago noticed by Humboldt. The
following plant formations, recognized b}" Engler and Di'ude,^ will be
referred to in considering the distribution of plant life in Alabama:

1. Open plant formations, more or less interrupted, inhabiting —
a. The strand or beach.
h. The sands of seashore, hill, and plain.
e. Rocks and pebbles.

' Warming, Oekologische Pflanzengeographie, 1896.

^Engler und Drude, Die Vegetation der Erde: I, Pflanzenver))reitung aiil' dci' Iher-
ischen Haibinsel, M. Willkonmi, p. VII. 1896.

'MS I'LANT LU'K OF A LAMA MA.

li. ( "oiiUKict or (•(tilt iiiii >u-- plant t'i>iiiiat ii)ii> ol a miilonn t ypc. coiisi.st-

//. Of mosses or liclicns.

'. Of ("("spitosc i,Tass('s (incadows, urassy swales).
/'. (.)[' various ln'il)> (prairies, pastures).

</. Of ^l-e^aiious sulll ilteseent i)laiits ;)i' low inuieisiirwhs.
/'. Of <;i'ei«farious lar»,'"er, woody plants hianclied fiom the base

(thickets).
/. Of aft)oreaI ve^jfetatioii (()])eii and diMis(^ hi<ili forest).
/. Of paludial plants (riparian swamps, marshes, and hoj^s).
/. ()f immersed aquatics, floating free or rooted in the soil.

Considering these natural groups or plant formations in their bio-
logical aspect and investigating the mutual relationship between the
{)lant and the place where it lives (habitat), Warming tinds that the
properties by which a plant is able to adapt itself to the influence of
the various factors to which it is exposed and to hold its own in com-
petition with its associates are deeply founded in peculiarities of
anatomical structure as well as in the morphological development of
its organs and the resulting physiological functions. The presence
or absence of a type in any given plant formation tinds its explanation
in these peculiar modifications of its organism by which its mode of
life is regulated, as w^ell as in the ecological relations existing between
its own life and the life of its associates.

On these principles Warming has proposed a new classification of
the plant covering of the globe, recognizing four principal groups
of associations based on ecological relations, nanudy:

(1) Hydrophytic vegetation, forming the associations of plants sur-
rounded entirely or partially by water or growing in a constantly
water-soaked soil.

(2) Xerophytic vegetation, forming the associations of plants con-
fined to an arid soil and a dry atmosphere.

(3) llalophytic vegetation, making up plant associations restricted
to a saline soil, wet or dr}'.

(4) Mesophytic vegetation, including the general vegetation prefer-
ring a soil and an air of medium humidity.

Of the various plant associations met with in Alabama, those com-
posed chiefly of vascular plants will be more thoroughly discussed
under this classification of Warming.

It is self-evident that there exist many intermediate forms between
these groups, and these often render it extremely diflScult to assign a
certain plant association to a place in one or other of the above groups
or (dasses.

Within each of these four principal groups the vegetation is com-
posed of t3'pical forms of plant life, distinguished as trees, shrubs,

PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF ALABAMA. 37

undershrubs (including- the low perennials with a woody stem and
branchlets partiall}^ dying- at the close of the season of growth) and
perennial, biennial, and annual herbs.

HYDROPHYTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.

Of the associations of this group the following are recognized in
the Alabama flora, consisting of plants: {a) Floating free in water either
on the surface or submerged; for example, the water fern (Azolla),
duckweeds (Lemna, Spirodela), bladderworts (Utricularia), hornweed
(Ceratophyllum), etc. ; (h) connected with the soil, rooting either on
rocks, as Podostemon, many fresh-water alga3, and some mosses (Lith-
ophile associations), or in the loose soil, as the pondweeds (Potamo-
geton), ditch weed (Ruppia), eelgrass (Vallisneria), and of the higher
cryptogams Nitella.

(<?) Immersed only at their base and rooting in the slightly sub-
merged or swampy soil, forming- associations of paludial plants, as the
vegetation of the grassy marshes and of bogs, and the shrubs and trees
covering the alluvial swamps; for example, cypress swamps.

XEROPHYTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.

These consist of the vegetation of the dry, exposed, drifting sands
of the seashore and of dunes, and the woody vegetation of loose sands
(Psammophile associations); also of the vegetation of dry prairies
(""bald prairies"), and of the forests of the dry uplands, either of
evergreen cone-bearing trees (pine ])arrens) or deciduous trees.

HALOPHYTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.

These are composed mostly of aquatic plants, inhabiting the beach
and saline marshes of the seashore.

MESOPHYTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.

These eml)race the plant associations confined to a soil and atmos-
phere of moderate humidity, as grassy swales, canebrakes, the arbo-
real vegetation of the subtropical forests of broad-leaved evergreen
trees and shrubs, and the deciduous forest of the lowland with a fresh
soil rich in humus, never or infrequentl}' overflowed.

GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE ALABAMA FLORA.

The flora of Alabama stands in the number of species and varietal
forms, as well as in the diversity of their characteristic associations,
unsurpassed among those of adjoining regions. This wealth and vari-
ety of Alabama's plant life is easily explained when, on the one hand,
its area is considered, extending over nearly ,5 degrees of latitude, andon
the other, the diversity of its topographical features, varying from the

38 I'LANT 1. 1 IK OF AI-AMAMA.

ul)rin)l Mil mil tain r:iiiL;"f>. w illi tlirir hioad tatili- laii(l>. w idc vullcy.s, und
ru^'jr<'<i liill> 1" •!"' Minllifiii half of (lir Statt' ti> llif fertile Cretaceous
plain in its center; and fafther ^oiilli. totlie pine-elad liills and rollini,'-
uplands nier<,'-int;- int(» the i-oast plain with its opi'ii and fore.st-eovei-ed
swamps, and the sands and saline marshes of the seashore. The ninn-
ber of distinct sju'ciesand \arieties known <'an undoubtedly be increased.
sin<'e thoroui^h botanical investi«r!ition has been atteni])ted by but a
few. The closet- exploration of any of its reerions is sure to I'eward
the botanist in t)rinjj;inj^- forms to lieht which ha\f never been obsei-ved
iu the State, if indeed not new to science.

SYSTEMATIC RELATIONS.

The list of va.st-ular plants urowing- without cultivation in Alabaiua,
as given in this volume, numbers between 2,500 and 2,550 recognized
distinct forms (species and Aarieties), including all the introduced,
adventivi', and fugitive forms. Of this numlx-r, 51> are spore-bearing
plants — Pteridophyta. Of the seed-bearing plants — Spermatophy ta —
12 species belong to the Gyninosperms, their ovules destitute of an
inclo.sing ovary; the remainder to the Angiosperms, their seeds within
an ovary. Of the latter, 707 distinct forms belong to the Monocoty-
ledons, the division consisting of plants with the embyro of the seed
bearing but a single cotyledon or seed leaf, and a little over 1,700
species and varieties belong to the DicotAdedons, comprising the angio-
sperms, with an embryo bearing two opposite cotyledonary leaves.

Among the families of the above divisions most prominent by num-
ber of species the Compositae^ (goldenrods, asters, sunflowers, hawk-
weeds, etc.) take the first place with 808 species, followed by the
Poaceae with 289, Cyperaceae with 140, Leguminosae~ with 116, Nepe-
taceae with 60, Scrophulariaceae with 5i:>, Rosaceae, including the plum
and the apple tribe, with o-t. Of the families less prominent in num-
ber of species the Apiaceae have 16 species; Ranunculaceae, 13;
Euphorbiaceae, 11; Orchidaceae, 40; Polygonaceae, 38; Liliaeeae,^
36; Alsinaceae, 33; Polypodiaceae, 43; Malvaceae, 26; Onagraceae,
25; Fagaceae (chestnuts, oaks), 26; and Ericaceae,^ 21 species.

Among the genera excelling in number of species, Panicum stands
first, with 71, Carex has fully 60, Aster 38, Cyperus 35, Rynchospora
31, Solidago 25, Eupatorium 25, Quercus 23, Paspalum 20, fuid
Hypericum 20 species and varieties.

ENDEMIC PLANTS,

The lumiber of plants endemic to Alabama is small, ))ut suggestive.
Only the following t3^pes are exclusivelj'^ found within the limits of

' Carduaceae and Cichoriaceae.

^ Miinosaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Viftiaceae.

* Here ii.sed in the Vjroader sense.

EELATIONSHIPS OF ALABAMA FLORA. 39

the State: JVeviumi cdahamenMs^ Crotmi alahainenx'tx^ and Trichomanes
ixdersu. This poverty in endemic forms is easily explained by the
absence of any serious obstacles to plant migration from and to all
parts of the eastern section of this continent. The gradual descent of
the Allegheny Mountains to the Coastal plain rendered the influx of
plants from the north and east easy. The oldest types flourishing on
the most ancient strata succumbed gradually to the vicissitudes of eons
of time and gave way to later invaders. Completely open on the east
and the west, the denizens of the plant world from these directions
found no hindrance in peopling the new soils of the secondarj^
(Mesozoic and Cenozoic) formations, after their rise above the water.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE ALABAMA FLORA TO THAT OF ADJOINING

REGIONS.

It results from these conditions that the plant-covering of the State
coincides closely with the flora of the adjoining regions. In its south-
ern portion it is very intimately related to the flora of western Florida,
Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, equally so to that of the maritime
plain of North and South Carolina and Georgia, and in a less degree
to that of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. In its central parts
the same close connection exists with the flora of the middle region
(Piedmont region) of these States and with that of southern Arkansas.
The flora of the northern part of the State, wdth its mountains and
the Tennessee Valley, presents a similar relationship with the flora of
the Allegheny ranges south of the Potomac River, below an elevation
of 2,000 or 2,500 feet above sea level, and with that of the southern
extension of the Cumberland Mountains and the rim of the Highlands
of Tennessee.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE ALABAMA FLORA TO FOREIGN FLORAS.^

EASTERN ASIA.

Asa Gray first directed attention to the intimate relationship exist-
ing between the flora of eastern North America and that of eastern
Asia, particularly^ that of Japan. ^ The eastern Asiatic element is in
this part of our continent most pronounced southward. It is here
most strikingly manifest in the arboreal and shrubby vegetation of the
numerous genera of the catkin-bearing families, such as walnut, chest-
nut, oak, beech, hazlenut, iron wood, hornbeam (Ostrya), willow, wax
m3a'tle; and of the coniferous family, such as pine, hemlock, cypress
(Chamaecyparis), savin (Juniperus); to which are added elm, mul-
berry, linden, pear, plum, service trees (Amelanchier), maple, witch

'In this discussion the introduced and immigrated plants occurring in Alabama and
the genera represented only by cosmopolitan species inhabiting the temperate and
warmer regions all over the globe are disregarded.

^Asa Gray, Memoirs N. Y. Acad., vol. 6, part L 1859.

40

IM.AN'l' l-IKK OK AT-.\I5AM.\.

hil/cl. suiniic { l\liii>). iiiid a-li. all of w liidi air w idrly (lillu--r(l tliroujjh-
oiit llif tt'm|)t'ra(t' /.oiii's of eastern NOrlli America and in eastern Asia,
ii small mimliei- e\tendin«^- westward to the Altai Mountains and Hima-
la\an India. 'IMie niimlier <d' arlxireal and rnit<'scent j^eiicra is still
fmtliei" increased by tlioso ehit'lly eoidin<'d to tlic soutlieastiTn section
of our contincid. such as Maiinolia and Illicium of the mauriolia
faniih': I'ersea and lieuzoin (d" tlic laui'el family: I'oses. honey locust,
storax hushes, calalpa trees, and de\il wood or American oli\e. of
difi'erent families.

On closei' com])arison of the lloi-a of Alahama with that of eastern
Asia and i)i'inei])ally of »Iaj)an, it is found tliat al)out 1<"><' <:<'nei-a or
nearly "Jtl pei- cent of the genera indio'enou.s in Alabama, beloni^injj;" to
6<) families. ha\t' their representatives in eastern Asia. Besides the
above connnon t^-enera there occur othei's in those ])ai'ts which in their
essential characters differ but slightly from the nearest allies found in
Alabama, forming with them such pairs as Glaueidium and Hydrastis,
Sphaerostemon and Schizandra. Ste})haiiandra and Neviusia. Corv-
lopsis and Fothergilla, Paris and ^Nlodiola, Scilla and Quaniasia, liox-
biirghia and Croomia, and some others.

The iuunl)er of types indigenous to Alabama w'hich are identical
with species found in eastern Asia is small, amounting scarcely to
forty. Though this number by itself considered is insigniticant, it
must be viewed together Avith the fact that every one of the genera
common to Alabama and eastern Asia is represented in the latter
region by one or several species closeh'^ allied to the forms found in
Alabama, so closely in not a few cases as to be dilHcult to sepai'ate.

The relation of these tw^o floras is expressed in the following table:

(ii'inni roimiioii In (lif fioni of cdKlirii Axid (Did thai of Al<ih<iin<i.

CUussiliciilioii.

Ptfriflophyta:

Filifes'

Ophioglossaceiif
Lyeopodiai'eiiu . .

ToUl.

Gymnospermae:

Pinoideae

Cupressineae .

Total

Monocotyledoneae:

Liliai'eae"-

Orchidaceac . . .

CypcTuceae

Araceae

Poaceae

Najadaeeae

Alismaceae

Dioscoreaceae..

Smilaceae

Iridaceae

Total.

Number

of
genera.

Cla.ssifi(ratioii.

Dicotylcdoneac:

Archichlaniydcae —
Lt'guniiiiosat'"-...
Kanuiiculacoae .

Kosacfaf-

Apiaceac

Betulaceae

Fagaceae

Urticaceae

Euphorbiaccae . .

Vitaccae ,

Nyinpliai'aceae. .
Aristolocliiafuae

L'liuaci'ar

Moraceae

Magiioliaci'ae

BerbL-ridaceae

Funiuriacoao

Khauinacfao

Lanraccau

Juglaiidact'ae

Salicaoeae

Myrioaceae

P()lyK<iiiac(.'ac

Pliytdlarcaceae .,
Mfiiis|)crii!ac'eae ,
Crassulaceae

Xuinber

of
genera.

1 Including Polypudiaceaf. Hynu-nophyllrtceae, and Osmiindaceae. =Here used in tlie broader sense.

ALABAMA FLOKA AND ITS SOUTHERN NEIGHBORS.

41

Genera common to the flora of eastern Asia and that of Alabama — Continued.

Classification.

Dieotyledoneae— Continued.

Archiehlamydeat — Continued.

Hamamelidaueae ,

Anacardiaceae

Ilicaceae

Staphyleaceae :

Aceraceae

Aesculaceae

Tlieaeeae

Hyperieaeeae

Violaceae

Araliaceae

Cornaceae

Total

Sympetalae:

Ericaceae, Vacclniaceac

Carduaceae (Eupatorium 1, As

tereae 2)

Cichoriaceae

Number

of I

genera. ;

Classification.

Number
I of
genera.

Dieotyledoneae — Continued. ]

Sympetalae — Continued.

Nepetaceae I 4

Caprifollaceae 3

Loganlaceae 2

Apocynaceae 2

Verbenaceae 2

Clethraeeae 1

Monotropaceae 1

Oleaceae 1

Symploeaceae I 1

Styracaceae !

Ebenaeeae 1

Polemoniaeeae ' 1

Rubiaceae 1

Campanulaceae 1

Total 35

Total Dicotvledoneac 118

WEST INDIES, MEXICO, SOUTH AMERICA.

Not less than 290 genera containing- nearly 40 per cent of the plants
indigenous to the Alabama flora are represented in the West Indian
Islands, Mexico, Central America, and more rarely in South America
as far south as Argentina. On the western coast of the continent but
a few genera occur which have also their home with us. The num-
ber stated above is comprised within 22 families. About 140 species are
common to Central America, Mexico, and the West Indian Islands.
This relationship is most evident between the flora of that part of the
State embraced within the Austroriparian area and the flora of the more
elevated regions of tropical America with climatic conditions some-
what similar to those prevailing in southeastern North America. The
flora of the subtropical regions of Alabama exhibits faintly the fea-
tures of the vegetation of the neighboring tropics by the presence of
a few genera of the epiphytal plant formation (Tillandsia, Epidendron,
Poh'podium), which in the al^undance and variety of its forms consti-
tutes one of the most striking characteristics of the tropical vegetable
world. A scarcely stronger suggestion of tropical character in our flora
is afi'orded in its arboreal vegetation by the presence of our dwarf
palmettos (Sabal, Serenoa) with their short or prostrate trunks. Our
deciduous-leaved trees are represented by 10 genera common to both
regions. 2 species of oak {Quercus mrginicma^ Q. hrevUoha) and 2
of hickory {IRcoria pecan,, II. myristicaeformii'i) being common to
Alabama and the plains of northern Mexico near the Texan frontier.
Our wax myrtle, hop hornbeam, mulberry, elm, box elder, haw, and
sweet gum occur in the elevated regions of the eastern declivity of
the Mexican Andes. Our evergreen magnolia is in the .same region

42

TLANT LIl-K <>K Al.AIiAM A.

l"('j)rt'st'iitc(l li\- till' clioi'h rchilrd Mt'iius 'ralMiima. Hf conit'd'oiis
trees pines iire altiimlaiit in the liij^liei" mountains of Mexico and
Central AnM-riea. ()iii' sla>li pine, of ('iil)an pine, extends from tlio
W e^l Indian Inlands to jlondiii'as; 'laxodiuni inhabits Mexico, iind
sa\ in {.I iiit'i i*, nix. hiirl><i(l< tisls) the ^^'est Indies, with other sj)ecies of
fluniperus in Mexico.

The cdinnmn elements in these Moras are exhibited in the fo!lo\\in<^"
tal)h-:

(iinrrn nml .tinciix (•(iiiimuii In Aliiliinnd <iiiil triipiaii Aiiicrira.

Clossincntion.

rtcridoplivtu :

Filices'

Of)lii(>)<lossn<'i.'iu>.
L\ro|»Miiiicfai' ..
ScliiKiiiclljiii'iii'..
Ktiuisetaci'uc- ...

Total

Gymiiospermue

Monocotyledoneae :
Poaeeive ■' ,

Cyperaceae''.
Liliacfae'' ...

orclii<la('eae

AmaryUidaceao

Alisinacfae

Eridcaulaceae

CoiaiiK'liiiat-cae

PontfiU'riaceae

Najailacoae

Juncaginaceae

Arecaccae

Mayacaceae

Xyridai-eae (Xyris) .

Total

Dicotylodoncac:

Art'liichlamydeae —

Lfguiniriosae

Chunopodiacfae .
liaimnculaceae . ,

R()sa(;eae '' ,

Euphorbiaceae .

.\piaceae

Onagraceae ,

Lythraceae

Malvaceae

L'rticaceae

Juglandaceao

Bras-sicaceae

Nyniphaeaceae .

Alsinaeeae

Rhamnaceae

Vitaceae

Hypericaeeae

Myrieareac

Salicaceae ,

Betulaceae

Fagaeeac

Moraceae

Niunber | Nuuibir

of ! of
genera, i species.

1 1

1

18 1

14

3i

3

4

4

2

•i

2

4

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

73

101

Cla.ssificalioii.

I>ieotylcdoneac— Continued.
Arehichlaniydeae — Con-
tinued.

Batidaeeao

Ari.slolocliiaceae

Ijoranlhaeeae

Polygonaeiae ,

Anacardiaceae

Ilieaeeae ,

Cistaeeae

Passifloraeeae

Cactaeeae

Haloragidaceae

Cornaeeae

Total

Sympetalac:

Carduaeeae—

Vernonieac and Eu-
patorieae

Helianthtae

Astereae

Senecioneae

Inuleae

Cynareae

Cichoriaceac

Number i Number

of I of
genera. ' specrieH.

Total Compositae'

Scrophulariaceae ,

Nepetaceae

Ericaceae, Vacciniaceae .

Hydrophyllaceae

Solanaceae

Asch'piiidaccac ,

Conviilvulaceae

Ordljaiu'lniceae

Logtmiaccae

Boraginac cae

Vcrbcnaceae

Piiifruiciilac-eae

Moudtnipaccae

Primulaccac

Sapotaceae

Cuscvitaceae

Polemoniaceae ^

Bignoniaceae

Acaiithaceae

Total Sympetalae

Total Dicotvledonae.

100

11

4

2

1

1

34

14

14

8

6
4
4
4

8

3
3

G

3
3

2

2

1

2

3

2

1

1

2

1

1

1
1
1

1

1

1

1

91

34

191

94

1 Including Polypodiaceae, Hymenopbyllaceae, and Osmundaceae.

- Equifelniii robuHuvi.

3 Chiefly I'aiiiceae (Panicum, Paspalum) and Andropogoneae ; all widely diffused from the West
Indies to Argentina.

•• Mostly of the genera Cyperas, Eleocharis, Scleria, and Rynehospora, 10 species of the last 2 genera
being not met with, outside of the West Indies, in tropical America.

''Hereusedinthebroadersen.se. The species belong to Yucca and other genera, mostly Melan-
thioideae.

* Here used in the liroader sense.

7 Phlox.

ALABAMA FLORA AND EUROPEAN FLORA.

43

EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION.

The r(4ationship between the flora of Ahibama and that of Europe
and the parts of Asia and Africa bordering upon the Mediterranean
Sea is indicated by their having in common about 100 families with
about 230 genera, this being nearlj' 35 per cent of the genera indig-
enous to Alabama, with 55 species which occur in Alabama and also
in western Europe and in the Mediterranean region, chiefly the former.
Of the ar])oreal plant formation nearly all of our deciduous catkin-
bearing trees and most of the shrubs are represented by closeh' allied
species in those regions. Some of these genera are represented far to
the north in the European-Asiatic forest belt, such as willow, cotton-
wood (Populus), birch and alder, and pine, while walnut, beech, oak,
hornbeam, hazelnut, ash, maple, plum and cherry, pear and apple, and
the savin are widel}^ diffused over the more temperate regions of
Europe. In the Mediterranean region our white cedar (Chamaec}^-
paris) finds itself represented in the cypress (Cupressus), from which
it differs b}' a mere technical character, and Celtis (hackberry), Cercis,
and Storax are represented in the same region. It is a remarkable fact
that in no one of these genera is the European species identical with that
found in Alabama. The ferns and allied families are represented by
4: families with 12 genera; of these 7 belong to the ferns proper with
5 identical species, 2 to the Ophioglossaceae, 1 to the Lj^copodiaceae,
1 to the Selaginellaceae, and 1 to the Equisetaceae.

The followino- table exhibits the relation of these two floras:

Genera and species common to Alabama and Europe, with Mediterranean Asia and Africa.

Classification.

Number

of
genera.

Number

of
species.

Classification.

Number

of
genera.

Number

of
species.

Pteridopliyta:

Filice.s 1

7
2
I

1
1

5

Dicotyledoneae:

Archichlamydeae —

itanunculaceae

Rosaceae •*

13

n

9
8
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2

5

Lycopodiaceae . ...

Brassicaceae

Leguminosae

1

Total

12

5

1
2

Monocotyledoneae:

Poaeeae

20

8
5
4
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

4

Chenopodiaceae

Orchidaceae

Urtlcaceae

5

7

2

NajadaceaeS

Salicaceae

Aristolochiaeeae

Polygonaceae

Nymphaeaceae

Crassulaceae ••

Saxifragaceae

Juglandaceae

1
3
3
2

3

Lemnaceae. . . .

J uncaceae

1

1

Moraceae

Araceae

1

Ceratophyllaceae

Fumariaceae

Droseraceae=

1

Eriocaulaceae

1

1

Total .

54 2«

1

Linaceae

1 Including Polypodiaceae, HjTnenophyllaceae,

and Osmundaeeae.
'^ Including Potamogeton, .5 species.

3 Here used in the Iiroader sen.se.

<Tillaea.

6 Drosera.

44

ri-ANT 1-ll'K (»F ALAHAMA.

(Inifni mill x/iii'it's cdiiniitiii In .[lulmmn nml J'.'iirojir, ilr. — ( 'iiiitiiiiiccl.

NuihImt

ClHiWincHtioll. of

i generii.

Number 1

of i

species. \

Cliuwiflcatiou.

Number

of
genera.

Numbcr

of
species.

Dicotyli'donono— Continued.
AnhichliiniyiU'iie— Con-
tinued.

}

Dicotyieflonoae— Continued.
Syiii|iclalai — (Continued.

HoraKiiiafcae

Scn>|.liiilariaeeae

.Siilanaccat'

•1

1

I'olyKulaci'ae

Kiiiih(>rl>iiii'eiu'

1

I'riniiilaci'ae

1

<'a|>rii(ilia('i'ae

Mi)ii()tr(i|)a(i-ai'

FlunihaKiiiafeae

f^tyracaccai'-'

1

Apocyiiaceae

Asclfpiadaccae

Gfiiliaiiacoae

Poli'moniaccae

Convolvulaeeae

Cuscutaceao

HnloraK'idaceae

Vfrtn-naccai'

PlantaKiliacnH'

2 1

1

\

Total

109 1 19

Valerianaceae

Total

Synipc'talao:

53 j 3

12

7

162 -W-

1 Cotinns in the Mediterranean region.
-Hibisfus of the Mediterranean region.
■'S(uithorn and western Europe.
••Stora.K of Ww Mediterranean region.

6 Fraxinus.

"Orobanehe and Phelypaea diflfcr but slightly

from our Thalesia "(Aphyllon;.
■(Jaliinn.

BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS.

YioAvinu- the plants of Alul)anui in their bioloo^ical aspect, their
habit.s of life, and the peculiar adaptations by which they establish
and maintain themselves successfully among" their various associations,
no striking features are met with which are not presented in one or
the other of the adjoining States. With our present knowledge it is,
however, impossible to enter upon very close comparisons. The per-
ennial plants are largeh' in excess of the annuals and biennials, com-
prising five-sixths of the total vascular flora of the State. Among the
woody pertMinials, 343 distinct species and vai'ieties have been counted,
32 with climl)ing or creeping stems. This number includes 45 under-
shrubs and suffrutescent perennials, most numerously belonging to the
Hypericaceae (St. Johnswort famih'), with 12 species, which, owing to
the large number of individuals gaily adorned with bright yellow
flowers, form a striking feature in the plant covering of the flat pine
barrens in the coast plain.

FOREST FLORA.

SnRrBBY PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.

The 171 species and varieties of shrubs known in Alabama, intimately
coniKH'ted Avith the arboreal vegetation, form the higher undergrowth
and the bi-iish\- cover of the soil of the mixed forests in the southern

SHRUB AND TREE ASSOCIATIONS. 45

part and prevail in the openings and along the borders of the deciduous
forests in the northern half of the State. Twenty-four species of the
woody plants are of the liana form, stout climbers, which ascend the
highest trees, nearly half of their number belonging to the grape
family. Outside of the forest the shrubs rarel}^ aggregate into an
independent '4)ush"' formation of such extent as to make an impres-
sion upon the physiognomy of the vegetation and to form a proper
plant association. In the coast region, however, the followin;;- species
form to a limited extent thickets more or leso free from larger trees:

Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle) . Rhododendron f<pp. (azalea) .

Myrica inodora (wax myrtle) . Pierls riilida (andromeda) .

Ilex cassine (dahoon holly) . LeurotJioe axillaris (andromeila).

Ilex voviitoria (yaupon holly). Kidmiahdifolid. (monntaui laurel) .

Osmunthus americanuH (American olive). Vacciiiiu)ii and Gaylussarta ppp. (huekle-

Illici'Uiii foridanuiii (sweet illicium). berry, whortleberry) .

Symplocos tinctorid (horse sugar) . Vaceinium arborenm (farkle berry) .

Bosquets of groundsels {Baccluirk halimifolici)^ with marsh elder
{Iva frutescens)^ dot here and there the salt marshes of the seashore.
The arborescent grasses of the bamboo tribe, the so-called cane, repre-
sented in eastern North America b}' AnmcUnaria mact'osjx-niKi and
A. tecta^ form by their spread over wide areas a most peculiar and
prominent feature in the vegetation of the State, known as cane})rakes.
The big cane, attaining not rarel}' a height of from 20 to 30 feet, occu-
pies the more or less overflowed alluvial river banks. The so-called
reed or switch cane, of smaller size, forms the impenetrable under-
growth of the forests of the humid and fresh soil depressions, and is
most prevalent in the Cretaceous plain, designated as the canebrake
region.

ARBOREAL J'LANT ASSOCIATIONS.

As in most parts of eastern North America, forests constitute in
Alabama the most extensive and predominating of plant formations.
Under the influence of the mild climate of relatively low latitudes with
an abundant rainfall evenh^ distributed throughout the year, condi-
tions most favorable to tree growth, Alabama presents the aspect of a
richly wooded countr^^ From the mountain heights and valleys of
the north to the shores of the Gulf the State is clad in a robe of forests
scarcely surpassed in the diversity of their tree grow^th and timber
wealth by those of any other part of eastern North America. Origi-
nally the tree covering was almost uninterrupted. It can safely be
assumed that at present over 50 per cent of the area of the State
remains under cover of the original forest growth, although more or
less invaded by the ax in the more accessible localities. Of the 172
arboreal species recorded as growing without cultivation in the State,
15 are introductions from the warmer temperate and tropical regions,
mostly of the Old World, and 3 from the States of the Southwest.

4r,

PLANT LIKK <>F ALA1?AMA.

pfi/thiniis t'ni;sfs. l)tMi(lii(>ii>-l»'ii\ t'(l forests ])rc\:iil ])rincipall y in
tlic iiortlirni \v,\vi of the Stale. Tliey are iiiarkeil Wy the same vai'iety
of forms and the saiiu> ei-rat atiuiidaiiee of eatkin-hearinir or mit-hear-
iii«_:' t rees {aiiieiitaceons oideis) w hieh ai'e cliai'aeteristic of the forests of
the htwei- AUeirheiiy i-aiiiiesas far north as southern Now En<rhin<l and
tlie h)\ver OhioA'aUey. with their wahiuts, hickories, oaks, hornlu-ams.
I»eeeli. eottonwoods, ehn^. tuli|) and cncninliei" trees of the magnolia
family, cherries, phinis. liaws, and serxice herries.

Of tlie A'.\ species of amentaceous and otlier a])etalous trees known
to occur in the Stato 3'.> are common also to the rei^ions just mentioned.
Of th(> 1^:5 oaks occurrin*^ in Alaltama. l<i are found in tlie more
northern forests; of the 8 ]\Iauiioliaceae. T); of the S plums and
cherries. 4; of the L^t> or more speci(>s l)(dont*"iii_y to the ajjple tribe,
mostly haws, 7: of the U iiiai)les, 4; of tlie 4 elms. ;'.. and all of the t>
species of ash.

In the mesophile forests, covering the vallevsand terraces of a rich,
nioderatcdy humid soil, oaks predominate, l)ut many oth(>r genera are
present. The following list exhibits the characteristic trees, all of
which. e.\c(>pt Magnolia acuminata ear data^ extend noi'th of the Ohio
Kiver:

Qiierciis alhu (white oak) .
Quernis minor (post oak) .
Queraisdigilata {(J./ctlcatd) (Spanish (jak).
Jllcoria oratd (hickory) .
Ilicoria minima (l)ittermit) .
Juglans nigra (black wahmt) .
Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree) .
Fagus americana (beech) .
Carpinns caroliniana (hornbeam) .
Fraxinus americana (white ash) .

Cornusforida. (dogwood) .

Ulinns americana, I', alatd, f. jmhcxceiwi
(elm).

('citis mii^siK.'tippieiisIs (Southern hack-
berry).

Sassafras KUi^safras (sassafras) .

Diospyroii inrginica (per.simmon) .

Aesculus octandra (Ohio buckeye) .

Qiiercus michauxii (cow oak) .

Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum).

Magnolia acuminata and variety cnrdala (jJeditaia triacantJiox (honey locust) .

(cucumT)er tree) . Fraxinns laiiccolata (green ash) .

Acer narcharinwii. {A. <hi.siicarpum) .

The sweet gum here attains its largest dimensions. The last 5 pre-
fer the lower })ottoms subject to occasional overflow.

In the paludial forest, particularly^ or the alluvial region, with the
soil submerged or constanth' water-soaked, the C3''press {Taxodium
d'lstickum) forms in the so-called cypress brakes the most imposing
feature. This tree is found throughout the State, and in that portion
belonging to the Louisianian area, it is associated with the tu])elo gum
{Nyssa aquatica) and the Carolina ash {Frnxinua caroliniana). Toe
overcup oak {Quei'cm lyiHita) prefers the shallow lagoons of the allu-
vial lands in the center of the State. Planer tree {Phmera aquatied)^
water hickory {Ilicoria aquaticd)^ Carolina Tdack gum (Ay-swa lifora).,
apple haw ( Crataegia< aestivalis)., and green ash {Fraxinus lanceolata) are

DECIDUOUS AND EVERGEEEN FORESTS. 47

frequent inhabitants of the forest-clad swamps of the alluvial district
in its lower part.

Deciduous forests of xerophile trees and shrubs prevail on the dr^'
mountain spurs, the table-lands, and the lower hills, the following
forming the bulk of the arboreal vegetation :

QuercHS prinos (inountain oak). Hicoria rillosa (pale-leaf liickorv).

Querciis velutina (black oak) . Castanea dentaia (chestnut) .

Quercus marilandica (black jack) . TJlmus australis (Southern rock elm) .

Quercus cocdnea (scarlet oak) . Acer leucoderme (white-bark majile) .

Ilicoria glabra (pignut) . Acer sacchariun and variety harbatum.
Hicoria alba (mockernut) . (hard maple) .

Hicoria caroUnae-septenlrionalis (Southern Acer floridanum (Florida maple) .

shellbark hickory) . Oxydendrum arboreuin (sourwood)

All of these, except Acer leucoderme^ A. saccharmn harbatv/m^ and
A. forldanum^ belong also to the Northern forests. On the arid
ridges with a poor siliceous soil Southern pines mingle freely with
the hardwoods.

Evergree)h forests.^ — The evergreen arboreal vegetation forms a most
prominent feature of the flora of the State. The 31 species found in
Alabama are nearly all distributed throughout the warmer temperate
and subtropical regions of eastern North America. In the xerophile
forests of the dry uplands the cone-bearing evergreens, embracing
six species of pines, one type of the cypress tribe, and the red cedar,
hold an important place in the tree-covering of the State, particularly
the pines. These cover extensive areas, the long-leaf pine extending
almost exclusively and with scarceh^ any interruption over many
hundreds of square miles, while short-leaf and loblolly pine form a
large element in the forest growth of the northern half of the State.

Broad-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs in great variet}- of species
prevail in the mesophile semiswamp}^ forests of the subtropical zone.
In these forests the magnolia, single or in groups, finds its home with
the white ba}^ of the same genus, red bay, dahoon holly, yaupon,
wax myrtles, ti-ti, American olive or devilwood, leatherwood, and
large oaks with persistent leaves (live oak, etc.) or retaining their
foliage during the greater part of the winter (laurel oak and water
oak). A host of evergreen shrubs — the sweet illicium of the mag-
nolia family, azaleas and andromedas of the heather family, holly, and
others — form the dense undergrowth. Of conifers, the loblolly pine,
with the Southern spruce pine and Cuban pine and, mostly in
swampy localities, the white cedar, tower above the broad-leaved
forms. The strange-looking Spanish dagger {Yucca aloifolia)^ an
arborescent lily, with its trunk covered with rigid sharp-pointed
leaves and, in the beginning of the summer season, crowned with
ample panicles of snowy white flowers, forms a characteristic feature
of the arboreal vegetation of the sands in the coastplain.

48 I'l.ANT lAVK OF AI,.\I'. AMA.

OI'KN-I.AND <>i; < AMri.Slia AN II.OKA ( \ I. K( »l'l I I 1 ,1 : I'l.AN'r ASSOCIATIONS.)

Uiulcr :i iliiiiMtf so liit.'-lily t';i\ ()r:il>lr to t n-c u row t li and with soil
conditioiis which in ^^cncral present no ol)staclcs to the (ic\ clopincnt
of an arltorcal \c^'-clation, thci-c is in Alal)ania. as in the a<ljoinin<4"
States and the correspondinu- reL;i"iis ot' the Southei-n Athmtic St}it(\s,
hut litth' room hd't for the chai'acleiistic vegetation of open-phiin or
trtMdess mountain and hill coiuiti'v. es|)ecially if we exclude the vej^e-
tation of heili^ and luidershi'ulis of the open rolline- pine l)arfens. of
the pine Hats of the coast with their scattei'ed tree erowth, and of the
scantily shaded rocky crests of the, uiountains. It is only on the. coin-
parali\ely small tracts of the Cretaceous ])lain when*, the undorlying
limestone strata couie lu'ar tho surfaci' and tln^ coverin<r of the rich
black calcareous soil hecoiuos too shallow to pcu'mit the roots of tlie
trees to uain a linn hold, that arboreal vegetation is completely
(wcluded. In these localities — the so-called bald ]>rairies, low knolls,
or lu'oad swells of limited extent, with the soil not deep enoueh to be
plowed — many of the typical plants of the eastern North American
prairie have found a refuge, from which they have spread over the
bordei's of fields. o})en w^aysides, pasture^ and waste grounds, and worn-
out and abandoned lands. In such localities the ovioinal types have
to contend for the possession of the ground with many inti'oduced
and ad\entive weeds, the hardy oti'spring of species originating in the
exposed plain. Most of the native typical plants of these remnants
of the prairies, and of the open in general, are also common to the
prairies of the Mississippi Valley from the Wabash to the vallc}' of
the Colorado River in Texas. Most of the rosin weeds {SUphlum
laciniatum ^ etc.), species of sunflower {ILJianfJiKs)^ fleabanes {Kri-
geron)^ lludbeckias, and other tall, coarse composites are character-
istic of the prairie flora; most of the species of the pea family and
most of the umbellifers and grasses inhal)iting the prairies, open
borders of flelds, and pasture grounds in the central and northern
part of the State, have also their home on the prairies of Illinois,
Missouri, southern Ai'kansas, and eastern Texas.

WATKIi AND SWAMl' FLORA (lIYDKOPHYTIC I'LANT ASSOCIATIONS).

I'lantsof these associations are most prominently represented in the
lower ])ine region of the Coast plain. Among the 227 species of vas-
cular hydrophytes so far observed in Alabama 11 are pteridophytes,
139 species are monocotyledons, and 77 dicotyledons.

HYDROCHAKIDKAX CLASS.

Of hydrophytes floating free in w'ater. '.> species are known in the
State. They are kept afloat by their thallus or thallus-like stems, as
in AzoUa and duckweeds {Lemiia irdnm^ L. trlsulcata^ Spirodela)^ or

WATEK AND SWAMP FLORA. 49

by the rosettes of their floating leaves, as in sundew {Drosera inter-
inedifi)^ water feather {Hottonia injiatci)^ bladderwort ( ZTtricularia
hif-ata)^ or by leaf -covered stems, as in hornwort {Ceratophylluni).

LITHOPHYTIC AND LIMN.EAN CLASSES.

Of submersed hydrophj^tes rooting on the solid rocky bed of swifth^
running brooks two species of Podostemon occur in the mountainous
regions. They are moss-like plants, their roots provided with peculiar
organs by the aid of which they fasten themselves closely to the rocks.
More numerous species of different families constitute that association
of submersed hydroph^^tes which take root in the soft soil (Limnaan
associations). These are in some cases provided, in addition to the
immersed foliage, with peculiarly constructed shield-like leaves floating
on the surface, only their flowers being lifted above the water, of
which the following are examples:

Castalia (water lily) . Sagittaria natans (arrow leaf) .

Nelumbo (water chinquapin) . Potamogelon spp. (pondweeds) .

Nymphaea (spatter-dock) . CallitricJie heterojihylla (water star) .
lAmnanthemum lacunomim (floating heart) .

Others have the foliage entirelv suomersed and of one form, as
water crowfoot {^Batrachiuni (^/t'«r/6'rt7!i/7«), bladderworts {Utrioularia
mdgaris and U. purpurea)^ water milfoils {Myriophylhmi spp.), with
their leaves finely divided; Vallisneria, with long strap-shaped leaves,
and numerous pondweeds (Heteranthera, S^cijas spp. , Philotria, Zanni-
chellia, and Ruppia), with the leaves from narrowly lanceolate to linear.
These Limnsean aquatics, with their stems mostly emerging from the
water at flowering, but their seeds ripening beneath it, form the fre-
quently very dense vegetation of ponds, lakes, and semistagnant
waters of the estuaries. Of this association, the species are especially
numerous in the Coast plain.

PAl.rSTKIAN (I^ASSES.

This association embraces the halophytes and fresh-water plants
which root in a water-soaked soil, with their leaves and flowering
stems above, and frequentl}' their bases alone surrounded b}^ water.
They are nearly all perennials, with stout roots or strong running root-
stocks (rhizomas), and cover the extensive open marshes of the tide-
water regions and river alluvium. Large monocotyledonous plants of
various kinds form the characteristic feature of this vegetation, of
which the following are representatives:

Phragmites (tall reed) . Scirpus spp. (bulrush) .

Spartina spp. (cord grass) . Cladium effusum {saw grass) .

Zizania, Zizianopsis (water rice) . Scirpus maritimus (triangular-stemmed

Typha spp. (cattail) . bulrush) .
15894^—4

f)!) PLANT MKK «»K \I,.\ltAM\.

I'lif >lrii(lrr >t('iii> of tlicsr t:ill rt'c(U!intl rii>lic> >\v;iy tt>:iii(l tro
iil)()V<' the limiildtT },^rii.ss('s (1 lomiilotTiicliiMis, cti'.), lotmd riislics (,/////-
rit-s spp.), «i;':iliii;4':il('s ( ( 'i/j>< /v/.v s|)]). ). s('(lt,''«'s ( f 'iiiux s]))). ). and Imr reeds
{SjKtr<i<tnluiii sp. ). Th(>se tDnii the lloor of the sponi^-y soil, wliicli
is fre(iiieiitly of fatlioinless depth and inoi'e or h'ss snhiiieiyed. The
monotony of the uiiiniineoiis vi'j^etation is often relie\'ed l>y various
showy llowers. namely:

Iris versicolor, Jrix lii.i(i(jniiii (l)liif lla^). }f('xa>ltiii<i. (( 'aail.ln) luiirroldln (cacalia).

Ilijmenocalli.'i rolata (.spider lily). Lythruia Ibn'arc (lytliruiii).

Sugitiaria sp]i. (arrowhead). CiciUa maculata (water heinlick).

Ponft'ilrria rordata (pickerel weed). Sinm Intifol'mm (water pan^iiip).

IlHiisms inosclu'utos (fjwani]i rose mallow ). J'udwx aUisinmitx (swamp dock).
Asclepkii< liinceolala (swamp milkweed).

To the same ela.ss of hydrophytes l)eh)no- tlie pahidial i)lants eon-
fined to the .'><alt mar.she.s of the .seashore and the outlyino- islands with
their rig-id salt gra.s.sos {lJij<tivJili.s xpicata^ Sjmrtitui spp.). hhick rush
{Jimcus roenicrianuH)^ elub-rush {Sdrpus inarltinvuii)^ and the .species
of the dicotyledonous orders mentioned above. The plants of these
associations of haloph^'tes are nearly all perennials with stout, fre-
quently deeph' rooted, running rhizomes. This vegetation of the
swamps and salt marshes encroaches upon the water with the shoaling
of the rivers and the formation of mudd}- banks in the inlets of the sea
and on the open shore, and serves to break the force of the waves, and
finally, by the close interlacing of the rootstocks, binds the loose soil
into a solid matting as a bulwark against the ceaseless destructive
action of the water and winds.

The paludial arboreal vegetation of the more or less submerged soil
of the alluvial districts has already l)een spoken of, and the flora of
the tree-clad swamps fringing the pine-barren streams and of the open
pine-barren swamp will be fully discussed in treating of the several
regions in which th(>3' occur.

OKd.ANOTOriC FLORA.

These plants differ from all others in finding theii- habitat upon
other living plants or their decomposed riMuains.

EPIPHYTIC PLANT .V.SSOCTATIOX.S.

The epiphytes are simph> lodgers living upon trees in an atmosphere*
saturated with moisture, without depending for their nourishment on
the tissues of the supporting plant. Only a few of the many species
of these plants which lodge in the trees of the Tropics are represented
in the flora of Alabama. The}^ inhabit the trees of the damp or semi-
swampy forests of the Louisianian area. The Spanish moss {Tilland-
sia usnwides)^ a rootless plant of the Bromelia famih', simulates in its
habit the lichen Usnea of the Northern forests. This plant draws

SAPEOPHYTIC AND SYMBIOTIC VEGETATION. 51

its nourishment solely from the air, and propagates itself ehielly by
the detached strands of its thread-like stems entwined and fastened on
the liml)s and branches of the trees. Epidendron conopseum^ a hand-
some ol'chid, inhabits large magnolias and hoary live oaks in the
deepest recesses of the same swampy hammock lands, with numerous
roots closely fastened to the bark of the largest limbs of these trees.
Polypodhtin poly pod loides {P. incanuhi Sw.) and Polypodlum tndgare
are frequent inhabitants of trees. They are, however, found to grow
also upon shaded rocks and prostrate trunks.

SAPROPHYTIC AND SYMBIOTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.

Saprophytes are colorless plants which, as far as those belonging to
the phanerogams are concerned, live upon the debris of the vegetable
world, deriving their nourishment from the organic matter resulting
from its decay. The largest number of saprophytes belong to the
fleshy fungi and some of these \\\c upon decaying animal matter.
Being destitute of chlorophjdl, their vascular system less developed,
without breathing pores, their leaves reduced to mere scales, these
plants are unable to elaborate the constituents needed for nutri-
tion or to change carbonic acid from the air into assimilated food mate-
rial. The number of seed-bearing saprophytes occurring in Alabama
is small, and widely dispersed through the deep, shady forest, as
Apteria Corallorhiza, and Hexalectris of the orchid family, and in
grassy, damp swales Burmannias. Hemisaprophytes are green per-
ennial herbs of the ordinary structure and habits, which for their
nutrition are only partially and to varying degrees dependent upon
organic matter. Some live in humid, peaty soils, mostly in the open,
for example, some of our club mosses {Lycopodkmi carolinianuin^ L.
cernuwn) and a number of orchids (Limodorum, Pogonia, Jlahenaria
spp.), while others can exist onl}^ in a humid soil, rich in vegetable
matter, under cover of the forest.

Symbiots are pale, almost colorless, plants, of waxy appearance, in
their organization similar to the saprophytes, and have been until
recenth^ regarded as truly parasitic in their mode of living. It has,
however, been found that they do not subsist on decomposed vegetable
matter, nor are the}^ root parasites. They are true symbiots, being
in their existence closely bound up with that of another plant which
contributes to their necessities, but is equally benefited l)y this con-
nection; Monotropa and Hypopitys, of the Indian pipe family, belong
to this group. Immediatel}^ after their germination the rootlets of
these plants are infested by the vegetative threads or spawn (uwcelium)
of a fungus which, as the plant develops, fastens itself upon ever^^
root, finally enveloping the rootstock with a thick film, the higher
plant drawing its nourishment solely from the elaborated food of the
fungus.

52 I'LANT I.II'K <»F AL.\1?A.M.\.

I'AliASmi- I'l.ANT ASSIM lATIDNS.

Tiur ])arasitcs arc also dcstitiitr of cliluropliyll. and loufloss, hut
tli»\v take their iKuirisliint'iit from ihr living- tissues of tlieii- host, suh-
sistinef t'litii'ely on its ehilK»rate(l fo«i<l materials. Three species of
this ehiss of parasites which foist theniseh'es upon tlie roots of theii-
hosts (i-oot ])anisit(>s) occur in the Carolinian zone of Ahihama, and
are also friMjuently found in otluM* })ai-ts of temperate North Auhmmcu,
all heloMi^inu- l<» the family of hroom I'apes (Orohanchaceae), namely:

('uiiuitliolis itiiuricana. Tluilixin iiiiijluru.

LrpfnnntiiDii ( Kpijiliripis) rln/hriaiinin.

Of the parasites which fasten tliemsidves ui)oii the stems of their
host, ») are found in Alal)ama. all htdonyinj^ to the (h)dders or love vines
(Cu-scuta). These plants at the start root in the ground, but upon
springing up, when they meet a plant suitable for a host they wind
themselves around its stem and at places of close contact send haus-
toria through its bark to the wood, and, the cells of the two uniting,
the parasite draws its food from the plant attacked. Thus firmly
estal)lished. the part of the stem of the parasit(> connecting it with the
ground dies, and it depends henceforth entii-ely for its nourishment
on its host. The chloroph3'll-bearing slirul)l)y parasites of trees are
represented by a single speeies, the American mistletoe {Phoradendron
flavesce)i><).

The so-called hemiparasites — green herbs which fasten themselves
by their lateral rootlets upon the roots of their host — are only partly
dependent upon assimilated food material. These half -parasites belong
mosth" to the figwort family, examples being Canadian lousewort
{Pedicularis ainaden-sis)^ painted cup {(kistiJIeja canade/isls)^ and sev-
eral Gerardias. The number of plants subsisting in this wa}' has not
been ascertained, l)ut outside of the Scrophidariaceae, Comandra and
Darbya are also supposed to lie hemi-parasites.

INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.

A class of these plants inhabit the bogs of peat mosses and the damp
flat open pine barrens of the Coast plain, consisting of sarracenias
(Sarracenia), sundews (Drosera), butterworts (Pinguicula); and others,
viz, the })ladderworts (Utricularia), inhabit stagnant or still-flowing
waters of shallow pools, ponds, lakes, and streams, floating upon the
surface of the water or immersed. It is evident that by the facult\" of
appropriating animal substances for their nourishment, nature has
provided these plants with an additional supply of nitrogenous food
which the sterile soil, extremely deficient in the elements required for
plant nutrition, does not contain. In order that the}^ may get hold of
the animals serving them for food the}' are endowed with peculiar
appliances of a highly specialized character, as, for example, the

CLASSES OF INTRODUCED PLANTS. 53

trumpet-shaped or urn-,shapod leaves of the Sarracenias. In these the
peculiar arrangement and structure of the hairy covering on their
inside permits the easy access of the insects to the sweet secretions
hidden within and at the same time prevents their escape. In the sun-
dews sensitive contractile viscid hairs cover the upper side of the
leaves and entrap the insect upon its approach; in the bladderworts
the hvaline bladders of the immersed leaves and stems serve as traps
for the minute organisms swarming around them. Twenty-one spe-
cies of insectivorous plants have heen noted in Alabama, viz, r> Sarra-
cenias, 4 Droseras, 3 Pinguiculas, and 8 Utricularias.

INTRODUCED PLANTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON NATIVE PLANT

ASSOCIATIONS.

Fully one-sixth of the plants enumerated in the catalogue of the
Alabama Hora as growing without cultivation are immigrants from
other regions, and l)ut few of these are native in the more distant
parts of this continent north of Mexico. They are mostly from the
warmer temperate, suljtropical, and tropical regions of the Old
World. Those of widest distribution and which have gained the
firmest foothold are wanderers following civilized man in his conquest
of the wilderness. Originally children of the open plain, exposed to
the extremes of heat, cold, drought, and excessive rain, these plants
necessarily acquire the widest elasticit}'^ in adapting themselves to
new surroundings and possess the greatest power of resisting adverse
conditions.

Considering the way these foreign plants have established and are
maintaining themselves in their new home, they may be regarded as
'naturalised when they have taken a permanent place among indigenous
plants; adventive when restricted to cultivated lands or to the vicinit}^
of human dwellings; and fugitive when they have gained only a tem-
porary or precarious hold on the soil.

NATURALIZED PLANTS.

Naturalized plants, in a strict sense (De Candolle, A. Gray), are
those which have estaljlished themselves firmly among the native
plants and participate in their various associations over considerable
areas. Their introduction is in many instances due to the direct
agency of man. About 150 species of this class have been noted in
Alabama, the greatest number (about one-fifth) belonging to the
grasses. Fully one-half had their home originally in central and
western Europe; one-seventh in the Mediterranean region; one-sixth
in the subtropical and tropical regions of the Old World; about the
same proportion come from subtropical and tropical America (West
Indies and Mexico to southern Brazil and Argentina); and, lastly,
three species are from the territory west of the Mississippi and
immediately north of Mexico.

54 PLANT 1,1 I'K <'!• A I, A ISA MA.

It is ot'tcii iiii|t(f->il>l(' to drcidi' w lict Ikt :i plant >lii Mild I ir considered
iiat urali/.ed or nati\c. part ieularly wlirn. tlioiiti'li it n'rows in distant
jKirts of tlie ^lolie. every tiaic is olditerated ol" the time :ind niannei-
in which it niav hii\e been Int rodue«'d. Such instances arc found in
tht> ( 'herokee rose (linsti lih i'i(f((tii), tile eonmion t^cmrd {Ldfjenaria im/-
</''/v.\). and the th<)rna|)))h' {Ihilnra si nuiitnuiiin). I'he first, also at
lioine in eastern Asia, is said to ha\'e been found hy the wljites on
their liist arrival at t he \illaL;»'s of the ( "herokcM's and ('recks; the sec-
ond, dispei'sed o\-er the warmer I'cg-ions of the Old World, was frc-
(|uent]y found al»out the hal)itations of the aborij^ines in the wai'mcr
temperate and siibti'opical /one of this continent. aii<l the last was met
with about the Indian \ illau'cs on the ])anks of the dames River in
Virgiina.

A I )VENTI V !■; PLANTS.

Thes(> arc forciofu plants which have i>-aincd a firm foothold only on
cultivated lands, or land abandoned by the cultivator, and aic rarcd}'
found to stray beyond the waste places near his dwelling, lacking
power to hold their own in the struggle with the indigenous plants for
the possession of the soil. Strong feeders, of quick growth, these
adventive plants are dependent upon soils rich in available nitrog-
enous plant food, such as is provided by the tiller of the soil for liis
crops or is accunudated in the rubbish about his habitations. Here
belong the host of weeds which infest fields, gardens, and meadows,
and consequently are in close connection with the cultuial plant
formations.

If it is diificult to draw the liiu^ l)etween naturalized and indigenous
pljints, it is not less so to decide Avhether a plant is thoroughly natu-
ralized or merely adventive. Some of the species, at first merely ad-
ventive, acquire speedih' the ability to accommodate themselves to
their changed environment and thus l)ecome aide to gain a firm hold
upon the soil among the indigenous plants, not infrequently spreading
widely if the proper opportunities for their dissemination exist. Some
of the plants of (juite recent advent from distant shores offer striking
examples of this kind. The Japanese clover {Lcsjjedesa sti'lata)^ advent-
ive from eastern Asia, and first observed at the port of Charleston,
S. C , during the second quarter of this century, has noAV spread over
thousands of square miles, west to Louisiana and southern Arkansas,
and as far north as Maryland. This enormous spread was speedily
effected by the droves of cattle and horses following the armies during
the late war. Greedil}' eaten by the animals, the seeds l)eing voided
without being injured and readily germinating in the decaying drop-
pings, this annual was soon permanently established in the open
woods and pasture lands, over hill and lowland, throughout a vast
extent of country. The bitterweed {Ilelenium tenuifolium)^ originally
from the sunn}' plains w'est of the Mississippi River south of the

ADVENTIVE AND FUGITIVE PLANTS. 55

Arkansas valley, was first observed in Mobile in 1866. It has spread
along- the embankments of the railroads to the mouth of the Ohio
River, literally covering in many places the waste and uncultivated
grounds, and reaching out along byroads and borders of fields and
woodlands. In its northward spread this plant has largely taken the
place of the mayweed {Anthemis cot aid) ^ a European weed of early
introduction. Acanthospennum australe^ of the Antillean flora, has,
during the past thirty years, made its way along roadsides from the
coast of Georgia to western Florida and Alabama, and toward the banks
of the Mississippi River. As an example of a plant of more recent
advent, which has gained a firm hold among the weeds and native
plants of the waste heap, Melochia Mrsuta deserves to be mentioned.
First observed on recently turned soil at Mobile in 1875, and subse-
quently lost sight of for a number of years, it is now found to infest
cultivated and waste places widely in the Coast plain; and as it ripens
its seeds in abundance throughout the summer this weed proves most
troublesome and difiicult to eradicate.

Somewhat over forty species of adventive plants have been recog-
nized in Alabama, fully one-half from Europe, and a small number
from the warmer regions of the Old World; one-third from the West
Indies and South America, and about one-sixth from the trans-
Mississippi region. The following weeds, classed among the adventive
plants, are most conspicuous by their abundance all over the State,
or, at least, in some one of the recognized botanical regions :

Leptochloa mucronata. Cassia tora.

Hackelochloa granular is. Sida rJiombifolia.

Cyperus rotundus. Sida spinosa.

Amaranthus retroflexus. Coronopus didi/mus.

Amaranthus hybridus. Veronica pereyrina.

Amaranthus spinosus. Veronica arvensis.

Spergula arvensis. Lamium. amplexicaule.

Porkdaca oleracea. Richardia scabra.
Cassia occidenUdis.

FUGITIVE PLANTS.

Under this designation are understood those immigrant plants which
have not firmly established themselves upon our soil and are liable to
succumb to the vicissitudes of climate and accidental changes in the
locality of their growth. In some instances their disappearance is to
be ascribed to the absence of the specialized insects necessary to their
fertilization and also to the occurrence of early and late frosts. They
are mostl}^ introductions coming with the ballast of ships and, show-
ing but a slight tendency to spread from the place where they were
landed, are mostly confined to ballast heaps. One hundred and fifty-
seven species of these fugitives have ))een observed in Alabama,
mostly on ])allast about the port of Mobile and on the shores of Mobile

56 I'LANT 1,1 KK <>K Al.AHAAIA.

BilV. About oiiP-lliilf iiic native in the West Indies. ]\[oxico, southiM'li
Brazil, and Ai'L-'enlina; (tne-loiii-tli ar(> an-i\als from tlic Mediteri-anean
reijion and ti-oi)i»aI i-e<:ions of tlie Old AN'orld, and the rest are from
central and western Europe.

Of the trees and shrubs introduced into cultivation in Alabama a
comparatively small muuber have escaped. Such are lait 1\ found
to stray far from the localities where, they have ])een cultivated, and
they establish themseh'es mostly amon*^ the native j)lants along fences,
about dwelliniis. on tlie borch'rs of adjacent woodlands, and in hedge-
rows. Still smallei- is the ninnlu'r which have escaped of the orna-
mental herbaceous exotic plants cultivated in our gardens, A few
spring up voluntarily one season after another within the inclosure,
such as Ammi majus^ Ageratimi mexicanum^ Adicea microphijlla Jier-
niaHoides^ but are never found outside of them, while a feAV others
stray into the adjacuMit fields and waste places, the principal examples
being:

Ipomuea purpureit. Viola tricolor.

Quaviodlt quamodil. Perillu fntteHcens.

Gynandropm pentaphylla. Gernmingia chinensis.

jVIore numerous are the escapes from the gardens of potherbs, medic-
inal herbs, and otherwise useful plants. Such are:

Mentha piperita (peppLTiiiiiit) . C'nicus benedicius (blessed thistle) .

Mentha spicata. C'hrysanlhemum parthenium (feverfew) .

Mentha rotundifolia . Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) .

Nepela cataria (catnip) . Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort) .

Marrubium vulgare (hoarlioniid). Ruinus communis (castor bean).

The greatest number of species escaped from cultivation or acci-
dentally introdiu'ed belong to the grasses, which make up fully one-
tiftli of the naturalized plants. These are mostly abundant and
W'idely ditfused, covering large areas and forming a conspicuous fea-
ture among the associations of the indigenous plant. PromincMit
species are:

Syntherisma sanguinale (crab grass) . Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum (Egyptian

C'apriola dactyloii (Bermuda grass) . crowfoot) .

Paspalum compressum {carpet graas) . Paspaluiit dilatatum (hairy-Hijwered pas-

pahiin).

PLANT DISTRIBUTION IN ALABAMA.

In several instances, the boundaries of the life zones and areas,
based upon the distribution of heat and moisture on this continent,
as established b}' Mei-riam, can not at present be distinctly drawn in
Alabama. The investigation of the plant covering of the State, the
location of species, and the study of their relation to the factors
controlling their distribution within its limits is as yet not sufficiently

CAROLINIAN AREA IN ALABAMA. 57

advanced to furnish the data required for this purpose. The frequent
yet only indistinctly perceived overlapping- of these zones adds to the
difficulty of placing- .satisfactorily the lines b}" which they are separated.
The efforts here made to lay down the lines of life zones and their
subdivisions can only be regarded as tentative.

The following subdivisions of the life zones of Alabama have been
recognized as floral regions; that is, as endowed with a flora of
characteristic and distinct features, due to the presence of types
which, if not confined exclusively to their limits, predominate within
them and impart a peculiar character to their several associations.
The prevalence of one or another of these associations or plant forma-
tions in the difl'erent sections of the same region determines the
character of its subordinate floral divisions.

CAROLINIAN AREA OR FLORA.

A line drawn from the northwestern corner of the State to the lower
part of Lee County, crossing the Coosa Valley near Childersburg, makes
the limit of the highlands having an average elevation of 800 feet above
sea level (E. A. Smith). This line coincides approximately with the
isothermal line of 60*^ F., and may be regarded as the boundary in Ala-
bama of the Upper and Lower Austral zones, therefore of the Carolin-
ian and Austroriparian or Louisianian areas. It winds its way from
northwest to southeast and southward to the "fall line."' Accepting-
this zonal line, a botanical limit is gained, northward of which is found
a flora difi'erent in character from that to the southward, generally
described as the flora of the great Central Mississippi Valley, and dis-
tinguished by the feeble representation, if not total absence, of the
subtropical element and the exclusive prevalence of deciduous forests.
Various shrubs and trees coincide in their limits of northern and south-
ern distribution closely with this boundary line, and serve as unerring
guides in pointing out its course. Such truly zonal plants are:

Pinus rmjiniana (scrub pine) . Prunus americatia (American i)lum) .

(juercus acummata (yellovv-liark chest- Azalea arborescens {sweet-scented az'd\ei\) .

nut oak) . Stuartia penta(jyna (fringed stuartia) .

Quercus 2)jinus (mountain oak). Butnena fertilis (mountain spice wood or

Quercus coccinea (scarlet oak) . smooth calycanthus) .

Quenits rubra (red oak) . Rhus aromatica (aromatic sumac) .
Acer leucoderme (white-bark sugar maple) . Adelia ligustrina (southern privet).

These all find in Alabama their southern limit on this line. Although
the vegetation of the Carolinian area presents in its broad features great
uniformitv, particularh' in its tree growth, there exist in its range of
nine degrees of latitude differences in the latitudinal distribution of
heat, which necessarily affect the distril)ution of plants within its lim-
its and present insurmountable obstacles to the extension of a number of
species northward. Due to this temperature element, there is a most
pronounced limit be^'ond which the successful <'ultivation of the cotton

58

PLANT LIFE OK ALABAMA.

crtip can not In- pu^-licil. ami wliidi aUo prfsctits a liarricr (o scNcral
trrcs and a iimiilirr of other plants of Soiit licni disl i-il»iitioii tliat un;
only nirclv met farther noi'tli. as. for.exanijdf. the willow oak (Qnrmis
J>h«'ll<>n), lohlolly pin<' {Piiius fanhi), loni^-leaf pine ( I 'i n us jhiI iisf i-Ik).
and cane {AniiidliKirni nuici'Dsjuriint). This line, iv)ui;hly extendine-
fioni tlie Atlantic coast atthe mouth of the Chesapeake Bay westward
to s(Uith\\t'steiii Missouri and noitherii Arkansas, was located l)y Gray
alone- latitude ;'><i ;>(>'. and l)y him I'ee-arded as the line of sepai'alion
hetween tile two principal tloral divisions of eastern North America,
nainidy. the flora of the northern riiited States and Canada and the
flora of the Southern States. In Alabama it is oidy this lower Itelt of
the Carolinian area, cMnhracinjj;" the mountain reeion and the lower hills
with which >ve are concerned.

MOUNTAIN KEGION.

The extreme southern spurs of the Ai)palachian chains l)elone-. with
their western and eastern frontiers, to two distinct members of tliis
mountain system. Their ditferences in topographical and stratigraph-
ical conditions affect visibly the distril)ution and localization of species
in the sections traversed by them.

RANGES OF HILLS OK THE METAMOKPHIC AM) OI.DF.K PAI.KOZOIC STKATA.

Physhigrapliical features and cl'miate. — The spurs w^hich enter the
State at its eastern boundary are the continuation of the most eastcu'ly
of the Alleg-henian ranges, and are composed of metamorphic crystal-
line rocks skirted \y\ the oldest sedimentary strata. They extend from
the Coosa River to the Tallapoosa and include th(^ most elevated parts of
the Sttite. The valleys reach an extreme elevation of about 1,000 feet
above sea level, and the highest summits of the ridges reach an alti-
tude of from 2,0(J0 to 2,400 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. These
ridges rise abruptly from the vallej'S and above the lower hills; their
steep flanks are covered with the sharp-edged fragments of the sili-
ceous rocks Avhich crown their crests with bold (ditfs.

The locality of Talladega (altitude 800 feet) coincides nearly with
the center of this subdivision. The records of daily meteorological
observations made at this town for only two successive years ai-e at
hand, which are embodied in the following table:
DnUt itf temperature {degrees F.) and precipitation {inches) at Talladeya for liro years.

Annual.

Winter.

Spring.

Summer.

Fall.

63.7
100
15
49

43.7

64

80

64.1

18

11.6

10

9.98

This mean annual precipitation can be considered as representing
that of the whole sulxlivision. with the exception of Lee County, on
its southern border, where it rises to 54.4 inches.

XEEOPHILE FOEESTS OF MET AMORPHIC HILLS.

59

Xeropliile forests. — The most prominent and characteristic feature
in the vegetation of this su])division of the mountain region is the
xerophile forests of long-leaf pine which cover the arid rocky ridges
to an elevation of 2,000 feet, as observed on the Chehawhaw Moun-
tain, the highest in the State. These pine forests are open, almost
entirel^y bare of undergrowth; only in the depressions on the flanks of
the mountains a stunted growth of black-jack makes its appearance.
At its vertical limit of distribution the pine is suddenly replaced
by mountain oak, chestnut, and pignut hickory. Whenever on the
summits of the pine-clad ridges at lower levels soil conditions more
favorable to deciduous tree growth prevail the pine is obliged to give
way to the hardwood trees. The pine timber on these mountains
is somewhat stunted; the body of the trees is short and more or less
knotty, and the old trees are frequently afl'ected by dry rot, caused
by the mycelium of polyporous fungi. It is little esteemed for lum-
ber, but largel}^ consumed for charcoal. There are, however, found
exceptional tracts, with a timber growth unrivaled in density and per-
fection. Such heavily timbered forests of long-leaf pine have been .
observed, for instance, at Hollins, in Clay County. They extend for
miles over a narrow valley and along the rounded foothills of the
higher ridges which rise abruptly above them on either side. These
particular tracts of forest are not surpassed in yield and qualit}'
of timber by the best pine timber lands elsewhere east or west of
the Mississippi River, the trees showing most vigorous growth and
remarkable uniformity in size and averaging from 20 to 24 inches in
diameter breast high. By actual measurement they were found to be
of a total height of from 110 to 120 feet, the greatest height growth
of the species on record. Of the large number of felled trees exam-
ined in the logging camp not one was found defective. Of several
taken at random measurements were made and the annual rings
counted, with the following result:

Diameter

breast high

(inches) .

Length of
merchantable
timber (feet) .

Total
height of tree

(feet).

Annual rings

on stump
3 feet high.

22
24
25

50
05
•15

110
120
116

150
IfiO
1.55

The sapwood in none of these trees exceeded 2 inches in thickness.
A loblolly pine felled on the border of the brooklet watering the
valley measured 25 inches in diameter across the stump and was
found to be scarcely 50 years old.

The herbaceous vegetation on these pine-clad hills is of essentially
the same character as that found on the uplands of the Central pine
belt, denoting a dry soil. The hidden cause of such perfection in the
development of the longleaf pine on a soil apparently as unpromis-
ing as any of the rolling pine barrens was clearly revealed by the

(')() PLANT MKK oK ALABAMA.

('xaiuiiiat ion of tlif sul»s()il. 'V\\r arLi'lllaccoiis sclii^t niidcrlyint,'' tho
saiuK surtacc was t'oiiiid coiiiijlctcly dccoiiiposctl, truiisl'oniu'd into ji
t'rial»lr loam rich in plant food and sullicicnt ly porous to permit tlio
slow piM'colalion of (he surtacc water and its unliintlcivd ac(;cs.s to the
lono- taproot of the pine.

Open forests of lon^lc^af ])in<' res])oiidin»;- to conditions similai" to
those pi'e\ailinu- on the flanks of the Talladoj^a Mountains or Blue
Kidu'c of Alal»ama. already mentioned, cover the lower cherty rid*(cs
in Calhoun County and the isolated i)eaks south of Talladega known
as the Alpine Mountains, which rise to a hei<rht of 1,500 to 2,000 feet
above the sea. These pine forests of the metamorphic hitrhlands and
of the Cambrian hills on their outskirts have in many localities become
important since the development of the iron inchistry in these districts.
Duriny- the past twenty-five years extensive areas have been denuded
of their forests to yield the large supplies of charcoal demanded l)y
this industr}'. Characteristic herbaceous species here found are:
Cracca virginiana. Eupatorlum aromaiicuni.

Cracca spiccUa. Solidago odora, and others.

Lespedeza hirta. Sericocarpun tortifolms.

Lespedeza repens. Gaylussaciu dumosa.

Meihomia spp. Vaccinium stamineum.

Euputorlum album.

Heavy forests of longleaf pine cover the lower hills toward the
Coosa River and the adjacent deposits of sands and gravels of the
valley from Renfroe to Kymulga and to the banks of the Coosa Ri\er.
A similar timber belt follows the drifted deposits from (iadsden,
Etowah County, through Cherokee County and for a short distance
beyond the Alabama and Georgia Stat(> line. The timber resources
of these forests in the basin of Coosa River have furnished the sup-
plies for an active lumber industry during the last twenty -five years.
They are. however, rapidly becoming exhausted.

Wherever a richer and deeper soil covers the heights, the slopes of
the mountains, and the lower hills, deciduous trees predominate, though
rarely the shortleaf pine makes its appearance. The deciduous forests
of these metamorphic mountains and Coosa hills difler only slightlj'
from the xerophile forests of the same character in other divisions of
the mountain region. Nota))ie is the greater scarcity of tulip and
cucumber ti'ees, shagbark and pale-leaf hickory, elms, and lindens,
which abound in other parts. On the rock}^ heights above 900 to 1,000
feet the following prevail:

Qiiercus priuws (mountain oak) . Quercus digitata (Spanish oak) .

Querais marilandica (black jack) . Quercus minor (post oak) .

Quercua relulina (black or yellow oak) .

More rarely occur:

Qiifrni.^ nlbn (white oak). Cnstancd derdula (chestnut).

Hiroria ylahru (piiinut liickory).

HERBACEOUS FLORA OF THE DRY FORESTS. 61

The chestnut, originally one of the most frequent trees of these for-
ests, is at present rarely found in perfection. The older trees mostly
show signs of decay, and the seedlings, as well as the coppice growth
proceeding- from the stump, are more or less stunted. It is asserted by
the old settlers that this tree is dying out all over the mountain region,
where at the beg'inning of the second half of the century it was still
found abundant and in perfection. Wild cherry {Prunus serotma) is
onh" found here and thei'e in the richest spots, and red plum {Pr'uniis
americana) rarely along the banks of streams. In the mesophile for-
ests of the bottom lands, as elsewhere north of the maritime belt, cow
osik (QutTcus v2-ichauxu), Texas OB.k {Querctis texana),wi\\owoak{Que7'-
cus phellos)^ and hornbeam {Carj)in'tLS caroUniana) prevail. Mountain
silverbell {Mohrodendron carolvrixmi)^ redbud {Cerds canadensis)^ hard
maple {Ace7' saccliarxijin harhatum)^ catalpa {Catalpa catalpa)^ and dog-
wood {Co7'7ius fioridd) follow the rich slopes fronting the streams;
water oak {^Qxiercus nigra L. {Q. aqniitlca Walt.)) ascends to the upper
valley of Talladega Creek in Clay County (1,000 feet); various haw-
thorns {Crataegus jiava^ C. coccimea., and C. crus-galli) and Southern
crabapple {Pyrus angiistifolia) frequent the openings and borders of
the woodlands, and swamp dogwood {Corni/s sp.) the wet margins of
streams. Posa Carolina was found on the Delta divide near the Idaho
gold mine, in Clay County, the only locality for this rose known in the
State. The American hazelnut {(hrylus americana) in the forests of
mountains in Clay and Cleburne counties frequently forms the dense
brushy undergrowth. The frost grape ( Vitis cordi/olia), the most
frequent of grapevines in this division, along the water courses covers
shrub and tree with its festoons.

Xerophile herhaceoas associations. — The flora of the pine-clad moun-
tain slopes and the pine forests of the lower arid hills is decidedly of
a xerophile character, denoting a sterile if not barren soil. Coarse
grasses {Andropogem furcatxcs^ A. scopariiis^ and Eriantkus alopecu-
roides) cover sparingly the steep declines with an association of numer-
ous plants of the pea family and Compositae, all more or less in
common with other parts of the mountain I'egion. On a visit to the
Chehawhaw Mountain, the Blue Mountains, and the Alpine Moun-
tains, in Talladega County, in the latter part of September there were
observed of Viciaceae and Caesalpiniaceae (Leguminosae):

Meihomia nigosa. Lespedeza frutescenfi.

Meibomia marylandica. Lespedeza virgimca.

Meihomia obtusa. Lespedeza Idrta.

Meibomia rigida. Lespedeza capitata.

Meibomia laevigata (rare) . Amorpha virgatn.

Meibomia glabella. Cracca virginiana.

Meibomia michauxii. Phaseolus pohjstachyus.

Meibomia arenicola. Cassia chamaecrista.
Lespedeza nutallii.

{V2 l'l,\N'r MFK <»!•■ ALA15A.MA.

or ( "anliiMct'iH' (( "oiiipositac) were ohscrv nl :

Lui-iiiiirin .iftiriusii fi<iniirriili)sii. Siliiliunn minjidsilinii.

Ij(triii(iri(i ijrinniiiifi)li(t. ('liri/so/isiK i/nuiiiiiifoliti.

Knii'ihiriniii (ilhiini. Cliriisi)j)sij< iiKirliniu.

EniiittiirUuii arotnntiruin. Asirr it)i<hU<itns.

I'lirtliriiiiiw iutegrifolimn. Asin- uikIuIiiIiix iUvcrxifnUnx.

.Stilidago odora. Axler rfuuploHornn.

Solidago iiemorali.'<. Aster patcnif.

Sericorarpus hifoliotus. AMer n(igitiifoliu».

Scrkocarpus asleroidfs. Aster laeds.

These are all characteristic of open situations on the stciilc rocky
ridtivs. The asters were of stunted o-rowtli. On these siiinniits two
conditions prevail, namely, rocky rid<,^es without nuich soil support-
ing a xerophile or rupestrian flora, and depressions with a moist deeper
soil supporting a mesophih* flora.

With the disappearance of the lono--leaf pine the deciduous-leaved
trees make their appearance, the same which also form laroely the tree
coverino- of the lower mountain rido-es,with their dry l»ut luoi-e o-ener-
ous soil. The flora becomes more varied and types characteristic of
these rocky heights more numerous. On their clift-bound brow P/'U7ius
serotlna neo-montana makes its appearance. This variety of the wild
cherry is at once distinguished from the tvpe by its low stature, scarcely
exceeding 25 or 30 feet; by the stem, which is somewhat crooked with
the ))ark rough; the wide-spreading slender ])ranches, which are slightly
drooping ; its l)roader, thick leaves, with a tine close pubescence
beneath, and its rigid horizontally spreading racemes, the berries
ripening in August. This tree was first observed in Alabama, in 1892,
on the sunnnit of the Alpine Mountains, near the signal station (1,900
feet), on the same range near Renfroe, nearly 1,000 feet lower, and on
the sunuTiit of Chehawhaw Mountain, 2,400 feet. On the exposed cliffs
forming the escarpment of the last Lo7ilce7'a jlava was found, trailing
abundantly over the rocks, associated with Ruhus villosus {B. cana-
densw authors) and Sniilax rotundifolia. It is also found on the
lower ridges of the Alpine Mountains, near Renfroe, at an elevation
of about 1,000 feet, and confined to a few localities on the eastern
Alleghenian ranges in South Carolina and Georgia at similar altitudes.
rranus mjacunda^ a low, straggling shrub latel}' described from
northwestern Georgia, and Vitls hicolor\ or Le Conte's grape, are not
infre(iuently met with on Chehawhaw INIountain, as well as on other
sununits of the metamorphic region (Alpine Mountains, 1,900 feet)
and on the highest of the Coosa hills (Anniston, 1,000 feet). Le
Conte's grape is recognized at first sight bv the long stems of a bright
reddish-brown (rufous) color stretching from rock to rock and over-
hanging the clitis, the leaves sharply lobed, with deep narrow sinuses,

HERBACEOUS FLORA OF FORESTS AND FIELDS. 63

pubescent beneath, the berries in compact rather oval clusters, pur-
plish black without bloom, juicy, and sweet, ripening in the latter
part of September. Rohlnia hkpida and Rosa hum.ilis are common
on these rocks. Amorjjha virgata and Vilmrnum acerlfolium prefer
slight declivities with a dry but somewhat less rocky soil. Among
the other xerophile rupestrian associations, on the summit of Che-
hawhaw Mountain rock-tripe, a large lichen (Umbilicaria), covers
with its black thalloid frond the bare crags, and forms a striking
feature; it has also been observed to cover the rocks on the crest of
Lookout Mountain (De Kalb County, 1,800 to 2,000 feet altitude),
and is characteristic of the southeastern Alleghany ranges north to
Pennsylvania. Of the few ferns frequenting these arid heights,
Chellanthes tomentom is the most common. The long stipes of the
fronds lie deeply buried among the smaller fragments of the rocks,
where the fibrous roots, protected from the sun, find the needed
supply of moisture. Dry(ypteris marginalis is rarely found in the
sheltered rocky clefts. The coarse Andropogoneae, already named,
under the scanty shade of mountain oaks, chestnuts, and pignut hick-
orj', completelv hide the ground with their luxuriant growth. The
fine tufts of StenophyUus capiUaris^ with Talimim teretifolkmi^ cover
the fiat expanses of the rocks, bare of any other vegetation. Silene
stellata and Anychia dicJiotoma prefer the shaded rocky shelves. Stei-
ronema toyisum^ through the abundance of its bright golden flowers,
is the most conspicuous among the herbs. This ornament of the cliffs,
extending northward to the mountains of Kentuck}^, has also been
observed on the open hills of the Delta divide (Clay County, altitude
1,600 feet). Laclnaria graininifolla^ in dense tufts formed b}" its
confluent tuberous root-stocks, covers the sunny rocks throughout this
subdivision, while the following, more or less common throughout the
southern extent of the Appalachian chain, are frequenth^ met with in
open rocky woodlands:

Campanula diniricuta. SoUdago ererta.

Dasy stoma flava. Brachychai'ta sjyharelata.

Solidago hicolor. Gerardia ieutiifolia asprrida.

Wherever the ridges spread out into wider expansions forming
broad uplands, now denuded of their original forest growth and mostl}^
subjected to cultivation, a xerophile campestrian flora has taken pos-
session, with Compositae as its prominent feature. Such plains extend
through the metamorphic region of South Carolina and Georgia to
its southern limit in Alabama, with an elevation of from 1,<)00 feet
(Clay County, about Delta) and 1,200 feet (Cleburne County, Chula-
finnee) down to 860 feet in Lee County (Auburn). The borders of
fields and woods, meadows and pastures, appear to be emphatically

(U TLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.

the lioiiic of ^oMcii-i-ods, i-()s'm\V(MHls. sunllowcrs, and KudluH-kias,
hosidcs iiuiiicroiis s|)«'<'i('s ol" other Liciicrii of" the same tribes as ll(di-
opsis. Verliesiiia. and Coreopsis. The rollowiiio- species, eoiinnoti on
the plains of the western AMetihenian area, inhahit (he open throii^'h-
out the Cai'olinian area from the h)\ver AUog'honies to the Mississippi:

ISoliihujo iwglccta. Ilrliantliafi diiyiricalns.

Solidngo nrmoralis. Ile/idiifhns niropurpiiri'us.

tSolklago ereda. Hrlidiithiix tonicnlosus.

Solidago bicolor. Bnrlhrrlda Irilolxi.

Silphium tercbiiithinnceuin. Rmlhrckin hcHopiidix.

Silphium asperriinum. RudbaMa sputhuladi.

Silphium intermedium. Verbenina andata.

Silphium. denfaium. Heliopsis helianthoide.s {II. laevis).

Silphium trifolialum. Heliopm minor.

Silphium htevigatnm. Coreopm verticillata.

Ildiaidhu.s microci'phnlnx. Aster vimineus folioms.

Ihiicmthu^ hirsutns. Aster luteriflorus.

Helianthus Idrsutus trnrlii/jdii/lhis. Hieracium venosum.

Jlelianihus tracheliifolius. Hieracium panimlatum.

Ilelimdhus .^trumosw. Hieracium mnrianum.

Helianthus schweinitzii. Hieracium scribneri.

Mesaphile plant associatums. — The highest summits are frequently
watered by numerous springs, giving rise to grassj' swales and lively
brooklets. In the almost perpetually damp soil of the first prevail:

Osmunda dnnamomea. Angelica villosa.

Sckria caroliniana. Solidago arguta.

Habenaria ciliciris. Solidago odora inodora.

The damp banks of the brooks are shaded with a varied vegetation
of shrubs and small trees of whieh the following are examples:

Kalmia latifolin. Aronia arbutifolia.^

Ilex opara.^ Xoli^ma ligustrina.

Amelanchier ramidctisis.^ Hydrangea arborcscem cordata.

A dwarfed form of the sweet birch {Betula lento) was found on the
cliffs near the ])rink where a brooklet on Chehawhaw Mountain leaps
over the precipitous escarpment. This tree, a species of noble dimen-
sions in its home in the Alleghenian life area, finds here, reduced to
a small shrub, its southern limit. Azalea viscosa glauca^ with Zan-
thoriza apilfoHa.^^ frequent throughout the mountains and Coast
plain, prefer the moistened rocks near the brink. In the open val-
leys from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above sea level — as, for example, in the
Shinbone Valley and Talladega Valley in Clay County— the following
associations of mesophile herbaceous plants have been observed.

^ Growing also in the lower valleys and on the Coast plain.

FLORA Of SOUTHERN EDGE OF METAMORPHIC HILLS. 65

Inhabiting the damp margins of water courses and the borders of low
woods are found the following:

Cyperus JJavescen a. Steironema dliatum.

Polygonum sagittalum. Lobelia syphilitica.

Impatiens biflora. Lobelia inflata. ,

Lnpatiens fulva. Vernonia fasciculatn.

Oxalis grandis. Eupatormm maculatum amoenum.

Parnassia asarifolin. Rudbeckia laciniata.

Onagra biennis.'^ Helianthus tomentosus.

Ludwigia aUcrnifolid.^ Coreopsis tripteris.

Gentiana saponaria. Verbesina alternifolia.

Phlox macidata. Polymnia uvedalin.^

Phlox panicMluta. Carduus altissimns.^

In the open bottom lands, with their meadows and pastures, the
following grasses and other glumaceous plants form the bulk of the
vegetation :

Paspalum boscianum.^ Panicum polyanthes.^

Paspalum laeve.^ Syntherisma sanguinale.^

Panicum agrostidiforme. ^ Muhlenbergia diffusa.

Panicum elongatu m.^ Eleusine indica. ^

Panicum roslratuin.^ Sieglingia seslerioidcji.^

Panicum, clandestinum.. Carex lurida. ^

Panicum commutatum.^ Carex vulpinoidea.^
Panicum latifolium. '

On the borders of lields with many of the above are found:

Cassia marylandicn. Physalis angnlaia. '

Cassia chamaecriMa. ' Physalodes physalodes.

Cassia multipintuUu.^ Dlodia teres.^

Poly gala curtisii. Diodia firginica. '

Ipomoea hederacea. Coreoj)sis pubescens.^
Gerardia tenuifolia.

Vegetation of tJie .'southern edge of the Metamarphic hills. — An
extensive collection of the vascular plants, made in the vicinity of
Auburn, Lee County (850 to 900 feet altitude), near the border line of
the Louisianian area, was kindly contributed by the Biological Survey
of Alabaiiia. From a district investigated botanically but slightly
before, it proved of particular interest, showing the intermingling of
Alleghenian types with many from the Coast plain and a number of
local species sparsely scattered through the Carolinian and Louisianian
areas, of which the following are remarkable examples:

Dryopterisforidana} Coleosantltus {BrickcUia) cordifolius.

Ophioglosswn (■rotalophoroides.^ Eupatoriian ageratoides.

Lycopodiurn alapecuroides.^ Viola lillosa.

Leptorchis liliifolia. Solidago neglect<(.

Juncus canadr)ii<is. Solidago pallescetis.
Lobelia itmociKi g/diidulifcnt.

' Growing also in the lower valleys and on the Coast plain.

15894 5

()(>

PLANT LIKK <>1- ALAHAMA.

( )l" these I>i'>i(>i>i< ris -th>ri(lii mi li;i<l liithcrlo Imm'm l<n<)\\ ii oiilv from
pfniiisuliir I'Morida ami t'loiii I v()ni>iaii:i: ( fi>/ilti<//<is.siiiii <i(iI(iI(>)>Ii<h'ohL'h
hikI Li/cojkkHiiiii (ildjx ciiriiiil'S 'AW known also t'l'oni the coast plain of
the Soulh('i-n Atlantic and Kastci'n (lulf States, and the remainder
extend hithei- fiom the Allee"henian area and the u|)|)ei- l»(dt of the
Cai'olinian.

The followine-. tlecidt'diy of northern dist i-iltiit ion, se"m to lind on
these hi«dihiiids their southern limit of distribution:

I 'vularUi ]irrf(>li(il(i.
L 'ndarid .>«'.s,vi///c(/u/.
Vag)iiTa rareuiosu.
Trilliuni sfi/lnmnn.
I'ohjgonatnni hltlonnn.
Smiln.r erirrhattt.
Achnxnithi't^ luiifolla.
Hahcunria hicera.
Hahauiria flava.
Darbtja tnnhelbilala.
A sanmi rirgiirlni /» .
Asimhia triloha..
Ifi/<lr>ni(/e(i orhorcifCi'Hx.
Phihidelphus t/randifloruK.
Saniculu marilandica.

iSaii Irida Irifoliatd.

C'li imajjh da u iid>cd(dii.

Azalea vlscosa glauca.

Xolisma lignstrina (the lyitical form).

Vaccinhim vacdlaiis.

Koellki jyycnanthoiioidix.

Ilonstonia tenuifoUa.

IIoKxIoii id lougifoUd.

Sdlidago (iiiiplrxiraidix.

Brdcligchaela sphacelatd.

Aster shortii.

Aster sagittifolius.

Sericocarpvs asteroides.

Sdphium coinposituni .

H'icracmm venosum.

The following belong- to these hills in common Avitli the Louisianiaii
area, and reach here their northern limit:

Ophioglossum crotdlopJioroides.
Danthonia sericea.
Campidosus aromaticus.
Eaton ia filiform is.
Cyperns steuolepis.
('i/perns liospdu.
PcHdudra sdgiftifolid.
Commelina erecla.
Xyris iridi folia.
Toficldia puberis.
Chrosperma musi-aeloxicuin.
Trillin m undenvoodii.
Smilax pninild.
Polygala nana.

/'t)/yt/(d<i incarnatd.

Ihjpcricwa drunnnoiidii.

Phucelia duhid.

fponioea harl/igera.

Mohrodendron diplerani.

Pieris nitida.

Collinsonia anisald.

Verhcsina aristafd (!'. imdlrdiili.i

Aster purpureus.

Aster dumosus sulmlaefoUus.

Eupatorium pinnatifidum.

GaiUardUt lanreoldta.

Holidago pcfioluris.

Solidago hrachyplnjlld.

Yegetatwn of tJie Lofoer Ooom hills^ fertile ralh 1/ l(iii</s^ and flat
inooda. — On the extrem(dy ru<:;-oed area which forms the western out-
skirts of this region and the watershed between the Coosa and Talla-
poosa rivers, xerophile plant associations prevail almost exclusively.
The steep hills of siliceous cherts and o])durate sandstone, Avhich reach
scarcely an elevation of 1,000 or 1,200 feet, support an inferior growth
of the upland oaks named before, and pignut hickory, with the long-
leaf pine scantily interspersed between the hardwood trees and stunted
sassafras and persimmon, with sumac {Rhm aq^alUnti. R. (/hihra) iov

VEGETATION OF LOWER COOSA HILLS. 67

the undergrowth. Among the associations of herbaceous xerophile
plants, which cover the exposed slopes and brows of these hills, the
pea family with its bush clovers, tick-trefoils, etc., is most numer-
ously represented in species as well as in individuals, while the Car-
duaceae present a number of golden asters, golden-rods, and blue asters,
common throughout the mountain regions. Characteristic species are:

Lcsjinleza Itirta. Meibomia bract eom.

Lespedeza capitala. Strophostyles helvola.

Lespedeza fnitescenn. Craeca virginiana.

Lespedeza vlnjinica. Psoralea pedunculala.

Lespedeza nuitallii. Chrysopsis mariana.

MeUioniia ohtusn. Clm/sopsis gramimfolia.

Meibomia rigida. Solidago ovata, etc.

Meibomian mardandica. Aster undulatus.

Meibomia glabella. Axter patens.

On the suunnit of the ridges between Shoal Creek, east of St. Clair
County, at an altitude of about 1,000 feet. Ilex monticola and But-
nerla fertUlH {(Vdycantkns glaucu.s)^ both at home on the Alleghenian
ranges from about New York to South Carolina, are strangely asso-
ciated wnth the Carolina ash {Fraxinus platycarjm) from the swamps
of the Coastal plain, here inhabiting the wet banks of brooks, and
form an interesting group of mesophile shrubs. In rocky but some-
what rich soil on these ridges various species of blueberries abound
beneath the hardwood trees, especially Vacclnium vacUlans., a low,
bushy form of Y. corynihosmn^ and Y. Tneianocarpmn^ the so-called
wnld gooseberry, remarkable for its large fruit. The berries of the
last are of the size of a small garden gooseberry, of a shining plum
purple, almost black color, juicy and palatable, and eagerly consumed
by man and animals. This shrub, from 2^ to nearly 4 feet high,
when in bloom is at once recognized by the abundance of its strictly
racemose flowers, and when bending under the burden of its fruit pre-
sents a pretty sight. The berries ripen in the latter part of July. It
is sparsely distributed over other parts of the mountain region, and
occurs also in the Ozark Hills of the same geological formation in
southwestern Missouri.

Where the floor of the Coosa rests upon the Silurian dolomites and
subcarbonif erous limestones, and the same strata form the flrst terraces
of the hills, the soil is highly fertile. The flora is rich in the number
of herbaceous species, belonging to many families and parth^ of cam-
pestrian and partly of sylvestrian character, and it stands in strong
contrast with the flora of the arid rocky hills. In early spring Ilepatica
lieiKitica and Syndesrium thalictroides adorn the shelves. The meso-
phile association of herbs, mosth^ perennials, is particularl}' attractive
during later spring and the earlier part of the summer, on account of
the bright flowers of the Indian pink (Spigeliamarilandica), the i^cavlet
flower of the catchfly {iSUene vlrginlca)^ the purple flowers of Phlox

()8 IM..\>T l-IFIi OF ALABAMA.

(iiiioiiiii, /'. iiKii-iiliilii, iiiid /'. il/ I'liririi/ii. the (la/./liiiu <»i!iii<ic ol" the Imt-
Icrtly wtM'd ( . \sil, jiliishilh royd), llir |)iiik ot" Maini i-</<i iishil<)s<ixi\\i\ M. rics-
stllidiKi^ tlio Idiif ot" SciitiUorld rcrs'iciildr and J*/i(i<-rli(i l)lj>lini(if((^ jind
the g()ld(Mi lltiwt'is of Stiu'clo hulstniilf(it\ S. citrlrt^ uiid ('orrt>j>sts
iinrlciiliitii. while later in (lie season SnltihK/n (implexlcnulix^ S. lati-
follii, S. ciirfisn. and S.c(i(sl(i <i,riH<irl.s cnlivdi thoso low hills.

'V\\v ])(M'tVctl\ level tracts of a cold. <:ray, iiii|)ei-\ioiis soil, a ju-it'cct
mire dmine' the season of rain and a hard crusty nia>s torn l)y iiiaiiy
lissures while haUiii*;" in the siiiiiiiiers sun, form a peculiar featui'e in
the t()])o<:i"ai)hy and flora of the Coosa Vall(\v. These flats extend for
many miles in the main \alley where the inipeiA ious Camhiian slates
form its floor. They ai'e foi' the oreater })art covered witii ii low
forest of dwarfed trees, black jack, Texan oak, post oak scarcely over
'2(» feet hjoh. with eciually stunted loblolly — more rarely shoitdeaf and
scrul) pines scattered amono- them. These dwarfed woods are ren-
dered truly impenetra))le by the multitude of shiubby hawthorns
[Crataegus crua-gallK ('• xjxdhulata^ 0. ajnifoUd)^ South(>rn ci'ab apple,
persimmon, and black «»-un) {Xi/sm multifoni)^ entangled with the
tough x'ines of bam))oo briers {SunJax hona-no.i'^ S. hiiirlfol /<i) and
forming a perfect ma/e of green. In the ])are openings the following
form the very open vegetation upon the ashy gray Hats:

Roii'i humilis. Cracca vlrguiiana.

Kneiffia suffruticosn. Coreopsln rrassifoiid.

Asdepias variegaia. Juncua ucuniinotUH (Irhilin.
Apoojnum carnuibimim .

Th(> last of these is the most frequent. liosa ]niiiiUts is here reduced
to a height of «j to K) inches.

No grasses or cj'peraceous plants inliabiting a damp soil are uK^t
with, a faet readily accounted for when the sharp extremes of wet and
dr}' to which these Hats arc su])jected and the total absence of decayed
vegetable matter are considered.

Cultural plant formations. — A)K)ut 25 per cent of the area of this
su))division is farm land more or less subjected to the plow; the rest is
under tree covering. High forests in their original condition prevail
on the steep mountains, which are not profitable for tillage, and in
valleys remote from the highways of traflic. In the metamorphic area
the lower hills and valleys with a warm loamy soil, resulting from the
decomposition of the more basic schists and softer shales and augitic
or feldspathic gneiss, worn down far beyond their original level, are
of high and lasting fertility and almost entirely under cultivation,
which is also to be said of the fertile lands of the Coosa Valle\'. Over
one-half of the tilled lands are devoted to cotton, broad fields of which
alternate with smaller ones of Indian corn [Zea tiiays).) of small grains
(mosth' oats, wheat, and rye), and forage crops (clover and meadow
grasses), with patches of the Chinese sugar cane or sorghum {Sorghum

FEATURES OF WAERIOR AND COOSA TABLE-LANDS. 69

mcehardtum)^ sweet potatoes {Ipomoea hatatas)^ gTound nuts [AraeJils
JiyjxHjaca), and more rarely the Irish potato, presenting a S3\steni of
diversilied farming- like that practiced throughout the mountain
region, with the difference that in the richer soils of this subdivision
the production of cotton, the staple crop of the South, has assumed
far greater proportions.

Among the cultivated fruit trees the peach takes the first rank, no
other part of the State producing this fruit in greater perfection than
the lower metamorphic hills and plains, where also the grape is suc-
cessfully cultivated, and is, owing to the drier atmosphere, less liable
than elsewhere to the injuries caused by fungoid diseases. Pears and
apples are of a thrifty growth all over the mountain region and pro-
duce abundant crops of high quality, particularly the latter, in situa-
tions on the higher levels.

TABLE-LANDS OF THE WARRIOR AND COOSA BASINS.

PnYSIOGRAPHICAL FEATrKES AND CLIMATE.

This area comprises about 4:,500 square miles, including all of Cull-
man, Winston, A¥alker, and Blount counties, nearly all of Marshall
and Dekalb, and small portions of Etowah and Cherokee counties,
with the detached spurs of the Cumberland Mountains in the north-
eastern part of the Tennessee Valley in Jackson County. About three-
quarters of this area contains the coal measures, with their drainage level
above the Subcarboniferous limestone lands.

The extreme southern spurs of the westerly Alleghanian ranges,
including the Cumberland Mountains and all of the strata of the lower
coal measures and underlying Subcarboniferous rocks, constitute this
floral subdivision. It comprises the extensive table-lands drained by
the Warrior River and of the coal field drained by the Coosa River,
covering fully three-quarters of the area of the mountain region, and
also the valleys with their water level not below 700 or 800 feet above
the sea.

The lower Carboniferous sandstones and conglomerates form the
surface rock of these table-lands. Their surface is furrowed by the
narrow beds and deep gorges through which the numerous tributaries
of the main channels of drainage have worn their way. The soil
resulting from the disintegration of the strata is a light, more or less
sandy, loam, and where shallow, full of thin rocky fragments.

The mean annual temperature on these highlands at their average
elevation of from 800 to 1,500 feet is about 55° F., with a mean of 45°
for the winter and 75° for the summer months; average minimum 12°
in January, and maximum 87° in August. The mean annual precipi-
tation amounts to 55 inches; mean for the winter months 18 inches,
for the summer months 1-1 inches. The larger streams forming the

70 ri.ANI' I-IKK <»K A I, A HAM A.

main cliaiiiirls of (li-aiiiavf liavi- cut llifir ln-d tlii-oiiijli (•> the Sul>cai'-
lninift'iouv liiiu'stonc. Tin- laicairous strata (•oiistitiitr tla- tloor of
llic wide \ all('\ s of ci-osion li\ w liicli tln" div criiiii!^- ranges ai«' scparatt'd
and also of tlu'ir foothills.

VKlil-ri-ATlON tH' TIIK IM, ATKA I S, MOTNTAIV SI.OI'KS, AND IIICHEK VM.I.KYM.

Xrrojtlulr fm'rxfs.- All iiii 1 lit cnii ) )tcd fort'sl of a \arifd ^^rowtli of
(Ifciduoiis leaved ti'ccs and cvcrjiTci'ii cone boarers oiijiinally covered
this siil)<li\ ision. On the hroad expanse of the, table-lands above '.»(><»
or l.(»(H» feet the tan-liark of mountain oak larjj;«>ly pi'e\ails, associated
with post oak and S))anish oak, or more rarely with l>lack-jack and
l)lack oak. (u-ctisionally 'with seai'let oak, ii rare ti'e<' in this State; also
with mockernut, pionut hickory, and tine chestnut trees (the latter rap-
i(ll\ disappearing, having been eagerly sought for on account of their
durable tim])er for fencings or wantonly destroyed for the nuts),
and with white oak {Quercuf> a/ha) and highland gum (Xyssaxylmt/ca).
Among the tree growth of smaller size the sourwood {Oxych'txfnim
arhomiiii) is most frequent, here attaining its largest development, not
infre(iuently becoming 40 feet in height and over a foot in diameter;
together with dogwood, persimmon, sassafras, and the Southern pale-
bark maple {Acer Jcacoderme)^ and in localities with a deeper soil, the
Nortliern sugar maple {Acer mccharam, harhatniii)^ tulip tree, l)ox elder
{Acer negundo)^ and angelica tree {Aralia Hpinom). On Sand Mountai n,
in (^ullman County, where these forests have been more closely inves-
tigated, the woodlantls support from 25 to 35 timl)er trees of various
species per acre, aflording from 5,000 to 6,000 feet B. M. of merchant-
able luml)er of all grades, the largest amounts being derived from the
Spanish oak and the less valuable black oak {Querea^s velat'ina). The
lumber finds a ready maiket in the mining districts.

Wherever the mountain oak prevails pines are rarely seen. On the
ridges of a lower altitude, with a thinner soil, the short-leaf pine
{Pinus ecliinata) forms from 20 to .30 per cent of the timber growth,
and. together with the lo])l()lly pine {Pinus taeda)^ supplies pine lumber,
which always finds a ready market. Dense groves of the latter cover
the shallow depressions deficient in drainage, which are particularly
fretpient on the Warrior table-land. On these swales, from a fraction
of an acre to several acres in extent, the loblolly pine arrives at its
perfection, scarcely surpassed anywhere in its dimensions and in the
({uality of its timber. The trees average about 2-1: inches in diameter,
with a height of from 110 to 120 feet, the trunks free of knots for a
length of from 45 to TO feet and with Ijut a small proportion of
sapwood.

The scrub pine {Plnufi virginiand) is found on the most broken and
poorest places at an elevation mostly above 1,200 feet, and is not
frequent.

XEROPHILE AND MESOPHILE FOEEST FLORA. 7l

Under the cover of the mostl}' rather open forest a variet}" of shrubs
contribute to form a dense undergrowth. Blueberries ( Vaccfnium
vaclUan.'<^ V. .stamlneuni) are met with everywhere in the mountain
region, and a bushy low form of the common azalea or honeysuckle
{Azalea nudif.ord)^ conspicuous by the abundance of its mosth^ snow-
white flowers, borne in close clusters, almost hides the ground. The
fringed stuartia {Sttiartia pentagyna)^ mountain holly {Ilex monticola)^
and its variet}' (/ monticola mollis)^ with soft hairy leaves, extend
northerly on the lower of the western Alleghenian ranges to south-
eastern Kentucky, western Virg-inia, and Pennsylvania, and reach
their southern limit on Sand Mountain. Ilex Irmglpes extends from
North Carolina and Tennessee to the Louisianian area, and the rare
Ilex dubia is found on the richer slopes, with Darhya umhellulata.,
which of late has also been discovered on the edge of the metamorphic
hills in Lee County. The last occurs also in a few localities in North
Carolina and middle Georgia. Seven bark {Hydrangea qiiercifoUa)^
one of the most ornamental shrubs, adorns the open woods and rocky
hillsides throughout the region, l)eing' also common on the lower hills
and extending to the Coast Pine belt. The following shade the rockj^
borders of the water courses:

Vuccinium tenellnm (small-leaved hnckle- SluartUi mrgmica (Virginia stuartia) .

berr}') . Aronia arhutifolia (chokeberry) .

KcdmUi latifoUa (evergreen kalniia) . Pyrun angustifoHa (Southern crabapple) .
Azalea (irborescens (sweet-scented azalea) .

The chokeberry, which is here of arborescent habit, presents a
beautiful sight when loaded with its bright scarlet fruit, which
remains from earl}' autunm through the winter. The following add
to the number of mesophile shrubs, which prefer a damper and deeper
soil:

CMonuitlkua virginica (fringe tree) . Crataegus crus-galli (cockspur thorn) .

PyruH angustifoHa (Southern crab apple) . Crataegus mollis (downy haw) .

Crataegus cocclnea (scarlet haw) . Crataegus uniflora (winter haw) .
Crataegus spathulala (sugar haw) .

Of woody creepers and climbers —

Smila.c rotundifoUa (horse brier) , Clematis virginiana (common virgin's

bower) ,

are confined to the mountain region, extending to the Alleghenian
area; while —

Bignonia capreolata (cross vine) , Berchemia rolubiUs (supple-jack) ,

Tecoma radicans (trumpet vine) , Vitis aestivalis (summer grape) ,

are widely distributed in the Carolinian and Louisianian divisions.

Mesophile forests. — Where the sandstones give way to clayey shales
more subject to erosion, the channels of the water courses become

72 PLANT LIFK oF ALABAMA.

wider uikI tin- nmIIcvs nif llaiikcd Ity lidj^^'s of a jj^iMitlcr slope and are
t'ovorod willi dee])ei- and ricliei' soil. In these secluded valleys of the
table-land, particularly where they hee-in to slope almost impereej)-
tihly toward their southern and southw(\stern hordei's, the ai'horeal
jjrowth is of groat luxuriance and \aiiety. Hesides many of the trees
of the uplands, the followiii<i- are t'oun<l:

Qiiemi,^ micliauxii (cow oak). MtiynoiKt umhrdla (miil»rcll;i tree).

/(/griis ammrana (beech) . Magnolia aniniindla Icinniiiori curmiilKT

VlmtLs americana (elm). tree).

Juglans cinerea (butternut) (rare). Magnolia macrophyUa (large-leaf mag-

Tilia americana (basswood) . nolia.

TUia hetcrophylla (ba.si<wood) .

These deciduous-leaved maj^nolias in these sheltered valleys arrive
at their best development, the last havin<^ been observefl with a trunk
fully 20 inches in diameter. In such a valle}' on the northern border
of Winston County, near a branch of the east fork of the Sipsey River,
the yellow-fiowered magnolia {Ma<iii(>lia acuinimda cordatu)^ first
described as a distinct species ' by Michaux the elder, was discovered
by the writer in 1882. Since the original discovery of this rare and
beautiful tree h\ this great investigator of the trees of eastern North
America, on the banks of the upper waters of the Savannah River, the
range of its distribution had remained obscure. It can now be said,
however, to extend from upper South Carolina and the upper moun-
tain region of Georgia to northwestern Alabama. Here this tree
has been observed as large as a full-grown common cucumber tree,
of which species Professor Sargent regards it as a variety. When
unfolding under full exposure to the sun, the flow^ers are from a dingy
canary to a golden yellow color, but are of a greenish tint when
opening under the shade of the dense foliage. In the shape and
size of the mature leaves the 3'ellow-fiowered variety can scarcely be
distinguished from the typical form; it is only in the foliage of the
young vigorous shoots that the heart-shaped form of the leaves is
observed.

Entering near the same valley the cliff -bound channel of the Sipsey
fork, one finds to his surprise the rocky defile shaded by groves of
stately hemlock {Tsuga cariadennin). This inhabitant of the coniferous
forests of northern regions extends southward along the highest sum-
mits of the Appalachian ranges to (xeorgia and northwestern Ala-
bama, where it follows this mountain torrent for a distance of about 10
miles, nearly to the falls of Clear Creek, in Winston County, there
reaching its southern limit. In this vallev' the hemlock is accompanied
b}' the sweet or cherr}^ birch, Bdula lenta^ at home in the same
northern life zone.

Xerophile and mesophile herbaceo%bS plant associations.- — Belonging to

^M. cordaia Michaux, Flora, Vol. 1, p. 328 (1803).

XEROPHILE AND MESOPHILE HERBACEOUS VEGETATION. 73

the former, many ferns peculiar to the mcnuitaiii region take root in
the chinks of the bare rocks. Such are:

ChdlantJies iumentosa. Asplenium montanum.

Clieilanthes lanom. Asplenium ruta-muraria.

Cheilanthes alahamensix. Asplenium pinnatifidum.
I'ellaea atropurpuren .

In similar situations are found the following flowering plants:

Silene rotundifolia. Arenaria stricta.

Silene caroliniana. Lacinaria graminifolia.

Saxifragu inrginica. Senecio obovatus.

Other species of ferns on the border line of xerophile and meso-
phile associations prefer the more sheltered rocky ledges, as:

Asplenium panmlum. Dicksonia punctilobula.

Woodsia ohtusa. Camptosorus rkizophyllus.

Polypodiwa vulgar e. Cystopteris fragilis.

Carex picta (C. hootttana) covers in dense tufts the rocky shelves on
the banks of the head waters of the eastern Sipsey fork, in Winston
County, where this pretty and rare plant was collected by the late
Judge T. M. Peters.

Associated with Carex picta are C. nigro-marginata^ C. virescens,
and 0. digitalis^ T'lpiilaria unifol'ia (of a widely disrupted distri-
bution from the Gulf coast to Lake Huron in the Allegheuian area),
and the northern Perariikim ( Goody era) repetis. Therofon {Boykinia)
aconhifoliurii inhabits the bare rocks forming the brink of streams,
and Dknnorp)ha pimlla is found in similar localities — both extend-
ing hither from the lower mountains of South Carolina and
Georgia. Ileuchera americana grows in more open, and 11. rugelii^
Viola midticaulis^ and Jlepatica hejjatica in deeply shaded situations;
and where the rocky walls are constantly kept moist by the dripping
water, Thalictrwnn clavatum^ Yiola rostrata^ Y. hlaiida^ and T' striata
are found.

In the open woods of a light dry soil where pines are mingled with
the hardwood trees, and in the openings of old fields and pastures,
where the progeny of the pine is apt to take possession of the ground,
there are present numerous xerophile species, which are character-
istic of the mountain region in general. Of these, the following glu-
maceous plants (grasses and sedges — Poaceae and Cyperaceae) are
scantily diffused throughout woods and fields having a thin thirst}^ soil:

Erianthus alopecuroides. Eragrosiis pectinacea. '

Andropogon sroparius. ' Poa chapmaniana. '

Andropogon furcatus. ' Carex laxiflora. '

Chrysopogon avenaceus. ' Carex laxiflora varians. '

Sieglingia seslerioides. ' Carex cephalopJiora.

Melica mutiea. ^ Carex leavenworthii.

' Occurs also in the Louisianiaii area.

74 PLANT LIFK OK AI-AHAMA.

Aiikiiil;' tin- liirLfi'ly pi-cddiuiiintiiiL;' ( Onipositar tall i-usinwccds and
(•<tai">f ^iinllow crs arc conspicuous, paiiicnlarly (In i'oniici-, wliicli
prcsriii a numlici- ot" tyi)cs riiridy or not at all ohscrNcd in tlic State
outsid(> of this siil)di\isi()n; for example, SHj)/uiiiii inohr'ii and X.
gatei<}!^ both l<iio\\n i'roni Cullman County; *V. frlfolaitiifii^ ranj^inu-
from the plains of tlie Ohio Valley to the Central Prairies rej^ion; S.
liti I'tijuiunu IL'lldiiflnis xehineiiiltzl!. and //. (jhtncini^ from the lower
mountains of South Carolina and (ieoriiia. and .S'. cnnipfmtitni^ abund-
ant throughout the reyion. The follow inu- are frequent in dry thin
soils all over the Mountain rejj^ion. some extendinj^" all over the State:

Ileliunthus uiroruben^s. Lactuca hirmla.

Heimnthus hirsutus. fMduca sagittaefolitt.^

Jleliatiihus microcephalus. Nabalus fraserl.'^

Ilii'tanthus divaricatus. Lechea racemulosd.

llelwpsis helianthoideti. Lechea legtjetlli.

Parthen'mm integrifolium. Koellia pi/OKiiilliriiKjiiles.

Sericocarjnis asteronles. Blejihilia clliuld.

Aster divaricahis. Monarda fiatidond.

Eupaturium sexsilifulium. Monarda hradhur'iarut.

Solidayo caesia.^ Dasy stoma viryiniia.^

Solidago erecta. Gerardia tenuifoUa.^

Chr-ysopsis mariana.^ Physalis virginkiiia.

Brauneria ])urpure((. Physalis pubtscens.

Rudbeckia Jiirtn.^ Physalis jmiiiiosa.

Rudbeckia spatltulata.^ Sabbatia boy ki nil.

Coreopsis grandiflora.^ Thaspium aureuin Irifo/ldhnn.^

Coreopsis pubescens.^ Oxulis recurva.^

Coreopsis auriculata} 2\agia urticaefolia.^

Carduus virginicus. Meibomia (many species) .

Andropogon virginicus. ' Lesped^za (many species) .

Vicia caroliniana} and buffalo clover, Trifolium reflervmn., are fre-
qucnt on these taT)le-lands, and Latkyru)^ venosus in Ala})ama is con-
tined to them.

Strictly mewphile herhaceoivs plant a.s.sociati(ms. — Ferns abound in
the shade of the forests. Characteristic species are:

Adiantum pedatum. Botrychium obliquum.^

Asplenium plalyneuron.^ Dryopterls novehor a census.

Pltegopteris hexagonoptera. Dryopteris marginata.

Botrychium lirginicum.^ Dryopterls acrostirjioides.^

Ai<2}l€niimiciii(f list i folium., which is most frequent in the Ohio valley,
occurs very rarely. Of grasses and sedges Muhlenbetyia diffam forms
dense plots, and the following prefer the shade of woods:

Brachyelytrum ereclum. Poa autumnalis.^

Festuca nuta^ns. Carex laxiflora.^

Festuca .fhortii. Carex laxiflora varians.

Poa sylvestris. Carex laxiflora patulifolia.

^ Occurs also in the Louisianian area.

'■'Nabalus Hook., as a strictly American genus, has been reinstated, differing in
habits of growth and distribution and essential morphological characters from Pre-
nanthes, with which it was connected by later authors, but which is exclusively con-
fined to Europe.

VEGETATION OF KOCK HOUSES. 75

The following are frequent in the openings of woods and on their
borders:

Vagnera racemom. Tiarella cordifoUa.

Ui'ularia pubernhi. Hypericum virgatum.

Uvularia sessillfolia. Scutellaria incana.

Iris eri^tata. Phlox divaricata.^

Syndesmon thalicli-oidi's. Mertensia virginica.

Anemone quinqncfolin. Vincetoxicum idmUum.

Anemone virginica. Gentianamllosa.^

Jianuncidus recnrraiiin. Galium circaezans.

Cimidfuga racoiioaa. Housionia caendea.

Trautvetteria carolivenris. Deringa canadenrii<.

Viola hastata. Podophyllutn peHaiwn . '

Viola midticaulis. Sanguinariu canadentiix.
Viola pubescent.

On the higher shad}" banks of water courses are found:

Porteranthus {Gillenia) stipulaceus. Slachys eordata.

Porteranfhus trifoHatUR. Zanthoririza apiifolia.^

In the more or less dense forest, covering hill and dale, are to be
found:

Orchis spedahilis. Aralia racemosa.

Cypripedium parrifloruiii .^ Sanicula marilandica (rare).

Arisaema quinatum. Phryma leptostachya.

Circaea lutetiaria. Frasera carolinensis.^

Hydrastis canadensix^ (scarce). Cynoglossum virginicuni.

Bicueulla eucullaria. Obolaria virginica.

Dentaria diphylla. Solidago flexicaulis.

Cubelium concolor. Solidago vaseyi.
Panax quinquefoliinn.^

The Soli(Ja<j<> vasey! has been collected near Holmes Gap (1,500
feet), and is know^n from a few localities on the highest ranges of the
Carolinas and Georgia,

On the restricted flat semiswampy places, not infrequently met with
on the Warrior table-land, open or slightly under cover, the following
are most frequently seen:

Cyperus pseudo-regeins.^ Phlox macidata.

Carex lupulina.^ Lysimacliia quadrifolia.

Car ex lurida . ^ Genliana elliottii. ^

Habenaria ciliaris.^ Bidens involucrata.

Xyrisflextwsa.^ Coreopsis grandiflora.

RJie.na virginica.^ Doellingeria injirma.
Ludwigia alternifolia. ^

Mesopldle 2)lttnt associations of rock houses. — On the perpendicular
walls at the head of the deep narrow gorges are found shelves of hard,
resisting sandstone w ith the softer strata beneath them worn away by
the action of the percolating surface water. The wide and deep exca-

^ Occurs also in the Louisianian area.

76 PLANT LIFK <)K ALAIJAMA.

\ ati(»iis thus t'oi-iiK (1 arc called \)\ the jx'dpjc of the coimti'v " lot-k
houses." Ill these ^iooliiv I'eeesses, iie\ci' \ i>ite(l l»v the direct rays
of (lie sun, thcii- roots and walls coiistuiitly inoisteiied l>y lli*^ water
oozniji" from cxciy cre\ ice. some of the rarest aiul most dclicutc ferns
tind a shelter from wind and sudden chanties of temperature. Tr/c/io-
imiin.s j» (( i-sll^ tiie tiniest of this order in the. rnited States, and eoii-
tined to iiorthcMii Ahihama, is at home in these rock houses, and thence
it way first hroueht to ii<iht by -hidj'e T. M. Peters, who discovered it
on the l)aid<s of the head watcn-s of Sipser River. The liliform hori-
zontal rhizomes are interwoven into (Umisc patches, their fronds of
dark green scarcely an inch high, somewhat resembling the thalhis of
a hirge liverwort. This fern was su])se(|uently found in a similar
locality on the western edge of the table-land ))y Prof. E. A. Smith,
and later l)y the writer on its eastern border at the fid Is of Black
Creek, in Etowah County. Trichontanc.^ rad/canf< is also a freciuent
inhabitant of these rock houses, being found on wet, deeply shaded,
rocky walls northward to the Cumberland Mountains of Kentucky.
The long creeping rootstock of this beautiful fern, adhering tirmly to
the rock, decorates the roof and walls of these recesses. A.s2>Ieiiiuiii
trichoinanes^ with its fronds of ))rightest green, ana the thallus of a
large liverwort {D urn art lent sp.) are the frequent companions of the
above. Of plants of higher orders onl}- a few have been observed in
these cavities. Thin grass {Agrostis pef'ennan^) with its weak, decum-
bent stems, occurs here, where its foliage is scarcely ever afll'ccted by
frost and never touched ])V the direct sunlight, and ITeachern nu/ch'l
is also quite frequently found on the damp ledges which form the
threshold of the caves, but rarely penetrates beyond them.

ITydropliyt'ic plant as-sociadoiis {jM/Zt/dlalp/a/its). — On the table-land
beyond the channels of the large streams and their very numerous
])ranches no areas of great extent of a water-soaked or submerged
soil are foimd, and the narrow cliamiels through which the water
rushes towaid the lowlands afford l)ut little chance for the spread of
a h^'drophile vegetation. The wet grassy swales are inhabited by the
following:

Anclropogon virginicus. ( 'nrex f/ranulariK.

Homalocenchrus {Leermi) viryinirua. KleocJiariH tmuis.

Panicularia nerrata. Ekocharh aciciilaris.^

Panicum rostratmii. Kleocharis ovata.^

Pan inim comvi niaium . ScirpuH polyphyllus.

Panicum polyardhen. Dlchromena colorata.

Panicum sphaei'ocarpon. Kobresia pumila.

Carex lurida. Juncus marginalus.^

Carex lupulina. Juncus (common species) .

Carex intumescens. Cicuta maculata.^

Carex squarrosa (rare) . Coreopsis tripteris}

Carex torta. Eupalorium maculatum.. '

' Occurs also in the Louisianian area.

FLORA OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 77

In the brooks where during its lowest stage the water becomes stag-
nant, a large Fontinalis, F. lescurll., is found. IlymeiwcaUk occlderi-
talis occurs in deep clefts of rocks barely rising above the water.
Sagittaria latifolia^ and S. Jongirostris australis are found on the vaivy
banks of Ryans Creek, Cullman County, with Peltandra virglnica.
Orontium aqimticurn is common in the streams of the wider valle3^s
not above 1,000 feet. On the loose stones in the swiftly running
))rooks and shallow streams Podostemon ahrotanoides^ a type of the
southern Alleghenie«, is not rare on the Warrior table-land, and P.
ct'rato/>}n/lh(in of northern distribution is known in the State, but only
from the vicinity of Atiburno

Vegetation of Lookout Mountain. — Near the northern frontier of the
State the most easterly of the spurs of (he Appalachian ranges belong-
ing to this subdivision rises abruptly at Valley Head to an elevation
fully 800 feet above Little Wills Valley, with its floor at this point
1,150 feet above tide water.

The summit of Lookout Mountain spreads out to a wide table-land
of the same character as the plateau of the Warrior coal field, and ter-
minates suddenly in the precipitous escarpment abutting upon the
Tennessee River known as the most prominent landmark in the Ten-
nessee basin. Near Mentone, Little River, a pretty stream which
follows the southern extension of this table-land, leaps over a ledge
into its narrow channel, some 125 feet below . By reason of a rainfall
more copious than in other sections of the mountain region (64.1: inches),
and toward its northern extremity of a generally deeper and fresher
soil, this mountain was recently covered with a fine hard-wood forest,
chiefly of oaks, and was noted for the abundance of white oak timber
{Quercus alba) and tan-bark oak; but this timber wealth is now almost
exhausted. On its flanks the black locust {Robinla psendacacia) is
found, one of the few localities in Alabama where it can be considered
to be indigenous. The short-leaf pine is rarely met with on these
heights. The scrub pine is more frequent, reaching its best develop-
ment on rocky benches and declivities with a scanty covering of soil.

On the brow of this mountain, and particularly along the low, damp
banks of Little River, there occurs a strong mingling of tj^pes that
are at home in the Alleghenian area of the adjoining States and of
North Carolina with plants of the lower ranges within the Carolinian
area, giving rise to a varied flora, the like of which has not been
observed in any other part of the mountain region of Alabama. When
the low elevation of this extremel}^ limited spot is considered (not
quite 2,000 feet above the sea), the sufiusion of types from different
life zones admits of no explanation on the ground of climate or local
influences controlling plant distribution, but points clearly to a disjunc-
tion of floral conditions due to geological changes. Among the woody
plants peculiar to the Alleghenian area, Rlwdodendron catawhlense

78 PLANT ]AVF. OF A I.. \ HAM A.

is (lie most prttiniiH'iil . In tlir tu'i^inniii;^" of >iimiii('i'. when rovcrorl
with the profuse t-lustcis ol" its purple or lilac llowers, this slinih,
from ti to |(t feet in lieitiht. massed in (lens(> thickets aloni,'" the hanks
of Little KivtT. foi'nis one of the mo--l attra<ti\»' sights. 'I'he home of
this shrul) is ascrilx'd to tlie hiyhest crests of the southern chains of
the mountains fi-oiii western Vire^inia to I^)an Mountain, on the Ixtrder
of North ( arolma and Teimossee., at an altitude of tijKM) feet. It lias.
howcNcr. l)een found. l>y Mi". Small, at a nuich lower elevation on
Tal)lc Mountain. At its extreme southei'n limit in Alahama it isasso-
ciated with the, Az<il<(i (ii'hdri'Haiix and kiilin'm l(il!/'(il!<i. Of other
shrubs \'!h>irintiii r^/.s-.s7'//<^vVA.v. extendinoto the Canadian zone, is abund-
ant on the banks of this stream. V!hnr)iHin (h-ntntuiii. Ruhu.s cnxlciiii^
and Cel(iMtruH scanden»^oi the same range of distribution, are frecpient
tinionji: the shrubs of the more exposed I'oeky heielits. \\'\\\\ these
AUeghenian shrubs occur a host of other species, which are at liome
on the southern extremity of the lower ranges within the Carolinian
area, and are more or less fre<iuent throuuhout our mountain I'euion.
For example:

Butneria {CahjcantliVK) ferlili,s. Hyrhrnif/cd (irhotrxci'ii.'^ lonlalit.

Ilex moiilirola. PliilndrlphuH hirmlii>i.

Vaccinium melmLocorjtum. DierviUa rivularis.
Vaccinium pallidum.

The Vacclniniii pnUhlinii is reported as scarce on some of the highest
summits of North Carolina (Buckley). Crataegus blltiuorcaiKi^ C.
amtromontana^ and C. mrgenti are new discoveries made on the decliv-
ities of the mountain h\ Mr. Beadle of the Biltmore Hei-])arium in
1899, which have also become known from western North Carolina,
eastern Tennessee, and northern Georgia. The prostrate stems of the
northern RuJms h/.sp!<h(x cover open, miry places.

The large lichen, Uinh'dicar'ia pastulatd ijapidosa^ which covi'rs the
naked clitfs, forms an association strongly expressive of the AUeghen-
ian character of the flora of this locality. Tn the soil, rich in humus,
shaded bv the rocks, and on the shaded ledges lining the banks of
Little River, mesophile ferns are also abundant. At^plenhuib hradleyl^
of vcrv local distribution in the C/umberland Mountains of Tennessee
and Kentucky, occurs here, together w-ith the more frequent —

A8]>lniiniu ])arnthnn. Asplenium montanum.

A.y>h'iiiHiii trichoiniinex. Asp/riiiain plniKttiJidinti.

A.^jilniJuin pl'u-foeinhia. Dryopteris inar<jiii<ili.^.
Ijiclcvjiild ptiuHilobidd.

The last three are xerophile species, occurring on somewhat exposed
rocks. Other herbaceous southern Appalachian types here found are:

Galax aphylla. Viola blanda.

TliaUdniia ckiraium. Viola roxtrata.

Viola uiuUicaidvi. Ealoniu pennsi/lvanica.

CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE TABLE-LANDS. 79

Of these the first is the most prominent, frequenting springy, rocky
banks and dripping ledges, and the others are all more or less frequent
in simihir localities throughout the mountain region. Snrracenia cates-
hael and Isoetes engeliTianni valida are paludial plants so far only known
in the State from the l)anks of Little River near De Soto Falls. There
occurs also Danthoiila (jJahra^ a most rare plant, lately described, from
upper Georgia (Nash), with DantJionla compresm, and Deschampsia
fjexiLom^ so far not yet reported from any other locality in the State,
while Carex v/resceNs, TlareJ/c vordifoUa^ Ascleplas qnadrifolio., and
Asarum macranthum frequent the rocky dells and more or less open
copses. The tiny Arefiarla Tn'evifolia^ known from a few localities in
upper Georgia and the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee, roots in
crevices of rocks among the dark-green cushions of mosses (Grimmia,
Hedwigia), Avith the three-leaf stonecrop {Sednni ternatuiu) and the
round-leaf talinum {Talhiam teretifolluiii)^ a fleshy perennial with
rose-purple flowers adorning exposed rocks in the mountains north-
ward to Pennsylvania. On the exposed rocks close to the edge and
above the falls of Little River dense tufts of flliform leaves produced
l)y a many-branched rootstock deeply sunk in the crevices attract the
attention. Specimens of this plant in flower obtained in September
proved to be ChondropJioni vliyata (BigeloA'ia Nutt). The identity of
our plant with NuttalFs specimens is, however, not free from doubt.
In the type collected by Nuttall in lower New Jersey and preserved in
the Herl)arium of the Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia the radical
leaves, which furnish the decisiA'e character, are wanting; furthermore,
the similarity to Evtham k( grain ui Ifol la ascribed by Nuttall to his type
is not recognized in our plant. The locality quoted by Nuttall is also
doul)tful, his plant having never been found afterwards, although the
ground has been closelv investigated by later botanists.

Under the umbrageous cover of the high forest on the upper flanks of
the mountain, in the deep soil, rich in humus, tall umbelliferous herbs
are conspicuous, among which are Llguxt'icuiri canadense^ frequent
throughout the mountains northward to Pennsylvania, Tliasjnuni pln-
vidlfidum^ and Thmpluin harhinode^ which extends north to the Ohio
Valley. Together with these occur O.ndls grandts^ Polygonatinu coni-
tiudidutii^ wideh' distributed through the Alleghenian area, Trillium
xfijlosnui of the southern Appalachian ranges, and Cypidpediuin acaide^
found in more open boggy places.

Cult a rid plant associations. — Scarceh" 20 per cent of the area of the
table-lands is reduced to a state of cultivation; the rest consists of
more or less devastated woodlands and of high forests, which, how-
ever, near the settlements and highways of commerce are largely
stripped of merchantable timber and are sufl'ering from the inroads of
fire and cattle.

Scarceh more than a (^[uarter of a century ago, before these table-

so I'LANT LIFK ( H' AI.AKAMA.

lands \v(M"t' madf easily jicccssihlf to llic iimiii«^iaiit liy tlic L;'i'<'iit li'uiik
lines IcadiiiLT from the centers of jxtpulation in the Noiili to the (Jiilf
coast, tlicv were hut sparsely inlialtited. The earlier settlers who had
>t I Halted upon the in depended for their suppoit nioic on th(^ cha.sc than
upon the cultivation of a soil which was looked upon as too ])<)or to
alVord an adequate return. i'his, iiowevei', has all Keen clianj^ed hy tlie
inllu.x of a population which was attracted hy the mild and .salul)rious
climate, and which, cominti' with the determination to estaldish its home
here, has sui-cecded in coniiuering the unpromisin*^ soil and develo})ed
its po.ssihilities. With the rapid increase in ])opulation these land.s
have come much into demand, and under rational mana<,'"ement almost
every ci'op raised in the Xortiiern States can he successfully grown on
these tahle-lands hy the side of cotton.

'rh(^ meadow grasses of the North, with red clover and similar for-
age ])lants, do well here. Much attention is given to the production
of hreadstuti's, chiefly corn, to which the greater part of the aral)le
land is devoted. Small grains, as wheat and rye, supi)ly a part of the
home demand. Irish and sweet potatoes are protita})le summer crops,
and nearly all of the root crops and vegetahles grown in the temperate
zone are produced here in a])undance and perfection. Of small fruits,
the strawherry has heen found highly protitahle, usually Ijeing har-
vested hefore the end of April. This fruit finds a ready sale in the
distant northern markets. Orchards of fruit trees on a large scale
do not yet exi.st, although apples, pears, and peaches are successfully
grown. The cultivation of the grape was given great attention hy
the earlier of the German immigrants until the appearance of a fun-
gous di-sease proved a great drawback. But wnth the successful
employment of remedies to suhdue this di-sease viticulture, particu-
larly of grapes for tal)le use. has received a new impetus.

REGION i)V THE TENNESSEE KIVEK VALLEY.

rnYsioiw; AiMiKAi, fi:atcui:s and climate.

"West of the detached spurs of the C'lunhcrland Mountains, which
form the northeastern continuation of the tahledands south of the
basin of the Tennessee Riv^er, this valley is marked as an area of
erosion, in which the waters have cut their chaniud altogether in the
sul)carhonifer()us limestone, the surface rock. The mo.st distinctive
feature of the vegetation of the Teimes.see Valley consists in decid-
uous forc^sts, generally of a mesophile composition, with decidedly
northern types prevailing, and containing species in common with the
Carolinian area in the Ohio Valley which are not found in an}- other
part of Alabama. For example, of trees and shrubs there occur here:
Aesmlm ockmdru (buckeye). Staphylea trifoUa (bladderwort).

Aesculus glabra (buckeye) . Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (coral-

Acer .tacchandn (sugar maple) . berry) .

Cladraslis tinctoria (yellowwood) .

DRY FORESTS OF TENNESSEE VALLEY REGION".

81

Pines are almost totally absent in this valley, and it is only at its
western limit, and chiefly south of the Tennessee River, in Colbert and
Franklin counties, where deposits of sandy loams and gravels overlie
the Subcarboniferous strata, that the character of the forest flora
changes b}' the appearance of the short-leaf pine among the hardwood
trees. The climate of the valley is somewhat extreme. According to
the observations of the United States Weather Service at Huntsville
(altitude 650 feet), made during a period of fourteen years, the mean
annual temperature is 59.9° F. ; for the winter, 41'^; spring, 59.9°;
summer, 75°, and for the fall, 59.7°. The lowest temperature once
during this period was 9° below zero; the highest, 96°. The average
of annual minimum temperatures is 11°; the average of the highest
temperatures, 92i°. The range of temperature throughout the year is
most clearly exhibited in the following table:

Absolute and average minima and maxima of temperature for each month.

Month.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Absolute minima

—9
14.4
75
68

12.2

75
70

o
8

19.5
84
80

o
13

34.8
86

82

o
31

45.8
90
86

o
36
61.9
92
90

o
61

69.8
95
92

o
.54
58.2
96
90

39
42
91
86

29
34
86
81

13
21

78
72

7

15

68

Average maxima

76

The mean annual precipitation is 54.1 inches; for the winter, 14.68;
spring, 15.41; .summer, 15.16; fall, 8.85.^

VEGETATION OF THE TABLE-LANDS AND HIGHER RIDGES.

XerojpKile forests {cedar glades). — The limestone strata of the foot-
hills which form the lower terraces of the higher ridges, undermined
and dislocated by the action of water, are almost bare of soil. On
these rugged grounds the red cedar {Junip&rus virginiana) predomi-
nates, but a few other trees gain a foothold. Among them is the blue
ash {Fraxiniis quadrayigidata)., a fine timber tree of the Alleghenian
area, which reaches its southern limit here, where it is of stunted
growth, being rarely more than a tree of medium size. A peculiar
varietal form of the white ash {Fraxinus americana curtissii) is not
infrequently found w ith the last. It is readily distinguished by its
low habit of growth, almost always beginning to branch below a height
of 8 to 12 feet, the spreading branches .somewhat drooping, the foliage
pale, and the fruit smaller. In this locality the seeds have the embryo
well developed. This tree has also been found bj^ Curtiss in the cal-
careous hills of Eufaula, on the eastern border of the State, and is
apparentl}^ not rare in the cedar brakes of central and southeastern
Tennessee.

' P. H. Mell, Climatology of Alabama, bulletin 18, Alabama Experiment Station,
new series, 1890, p. 23.
15894 6

82 PLANT LIFE OK ALABAMA.

( )ii iIh" iiiL;Lr»'tl tV)(»tliills and iiioiiiilaiii slopes, and pait iciilai'ly on tlio,
bi'oad. hancn. liincstoiu^ Mats ot' the uplands in tlu' eastern part of tho
valley north and east of the Tennessee River the red cedar forms
oxt<>nsi\e woods, of piii"e jrrowth. inteiriipted oidy l»y hare openings
where the rocky ground scarccdy allords a foothold to shrul) or luM-h.
The trees in the cedar glades or cedar l)rakes are closely set and attain
a height of from 50 to 75 feet, the trunk from 15 to rarel}' 24 inches
in diametei-. hreast-high, fi-e([uent]y deeply ridged toward th(; base,
knotty, and with the crown from 3<» to 50 feetor mon^ above theground.
Under these severe soil conditions the growth of the trees is exceed-
ingly slow, particularly during the later stages of life. By counting
the annual rings trees of the dimensions mentioned were found to be
from 140 to 175 years old. Large supplies of the valuable timber of
the cedar, used for piling and for telegraph and telephone poles, are
drawn ever}^ year from the cedar glades. On the gentler slopes with
a deeper soil covering, and in the narrow valleys with a damp and rich
soil, red cedar occurs scattered among the hard woods and hen^ reaches
its greatest perfection. The trunk is smooth from the base and free
from knots and limbs for the greater part of its height; the wood is
straight-grained, soft, and easily worked, and possesses all the (juali-
ties for which it is so eagerly sought in the manufacture of pencil
casings and the best qualities of hollow ware. Not long since this tree
was abundant in the narrow valleys and rich coves south of the Ten-
nessee Kix'er, but these resources are now becoming rapidlj' exhausted.

On the sunny exposures, in the openings and borders of the forest
which covers the calcareous hills, where the soil is deeper, a vai'iety of
xerophile trees of small size and of shrubs of the lower belt of the
Carolinian area are found mingled with the red cedar. Examples are:

Rhamnus caroliniana (buckthorn) . Crataegus coccinea (red haw) .

Bumelia lycioides (bumeUa). Comus asperifolia (rough-leaf dogwood).

Bumelia lanuginom (shittimwotxl). Viburnum pinmifolium (black haw).
Ostrya virginiana (hop hornbeam) .

X^eroplule herhaeeoux jdant (msocldtroihH. — The herbaceous associations
are naturally, in the main, of xerophile character. On the exposed
rock}^ flats tiny cruciferous winter annuals fill every crevice. Leaven-
ivorthia aiired^ L. nniflora^ and Z. torvlom^ the first harbingers of
spring, are followed by Draba caroliniana and D. hrachycarjja. With
the advent of warmer weather all herbaceous vegetation withers on
these arid cedar glades, which then continue to present the aspect of
absolute barrens.

On the rocky banks and shelves of the sunny hillsides a varied array
of characteristic herbs makes its flowery display. In the height of
springtime, as observed on the southern slopes of Monte Sano»(near
Huntsville) and on the northern declivity of the Warrior table-land

XEEOPHILE HEEBACEOUS PLANTS AND MESOPHILE FORESTS. 83

near Moulton, the following prefer the slightly sheltered rocky
shelves:

AUionia nyctaginea. lAthospermum canescens.

Ranuncuhis fasdndaris. Lithospermiim tuberosum.

Arabis laevigata. Saliia urticaefoliu.^

Claytonia mrginica. Scutellaria cumpesirh.

Arenaria serpyUifolia. Polymnia. canadensis radiata.

Opuntia rafinesquii} Bellis hdegrifolia.
Geranium maculatum.^

Sedum pulchellmii and Plmcelia piirsh'd adorn the interstices of the
rocky fragments, and Arenaria jMiula the bare rocks. During the
first summer months the golden flowers of Ilijpericum aureum and 11.
sjjhaet'ocarpoii ^ adorn the hills, giving way in the latter part of the
season to blue and purple asters — Aster ohlongifoliiis.^ A. laevis lati-
foliiis., A. cordifolius and others of the more commonly difi'used
species — and to the bright flowers of goldenrods, such as SoUdago
amplexicauUs and Brachychaeta spJmcelata {B. cordata Torr. & Gr.),
which are confined to the lower southern Appalachian ranges.

West of the spurs of the Cumberland highlands isolated knolls rise
above the wide river plain with its seemingly interminable fields of
cotton, corn, and small grain. These hillocks, of a siliceous limestone
which has resisted erosion, support with their scanty covering of soil
a stunted growth of chinquapin oak {Quercus acuminata).^ wild plum
{Primus americana)^ honey locust {G led Its la triaca?ithos), hop hornbeam
{Ostrya virgin iaiia)., and shrubs common on dry calcareous soil, and are
frequently destitute of large trees. The plants which find a refuge in
these localities form an interesting combination of xerophile, campes-
trian, and sylvan associations. Under the shades of the denser clumps
of the low trees have been noted:

Poa sp. Deniaria laciniata.

Leptorchis liliifolia. Meihomia paucijiora.

Cypripedium parviflormn. Mertensia virginica.
Delphinium Iricorne.

In exposed places the following species of the open plain have estab-
lished themselves:

Arenaria patula. Euphorbia ohtusaia (rare).

Isanthus brachiaius. Kuhnisiera gattingeri.

Anemone earoliniana. Grind elia lanceolata.

Hypericum prolificum (frequent) . Amphiachai-ys dracuncidoides.

The Kuhnistera is rendered attractive by its numerous spikes of
rose-purple flowers. The last two are remarkable outposts, if not waifs,
from the plains west of the Mississippi River.

Mesophile fmests. — North of the Tennessee River the detached spurs
of the Cumberland Mountains, capped with the sandstones and con-

^ Extends to the Louisianian area.

84 I'LANT T.Il-'K OK AI-AIiAM A.

j^loiiUTiitt's of tlic Coal Measures, lisr to an clrNalioii of fidiii l.'J(M»(()
l,a(>(» ft'ft al>o\»' sea Icm'I. 'I'licir suiimiils. sprcadiii*; into taMr-hiiicls
of ('onii)arali\t'ly limited cxtnit. suppoit a inofe varied and lieavier
trc(> ufow til than tlie taide-lands of the \\'an'ior basin. dilVerinj,'' chielly
l»y the total absence of pines and tli«^ appearance of species connnon
also to the forests of the Ohio Valley, and as yet not o))servod in other
parts of the State. Oaks form the ])re(lominatin<i' forest jj^rowth of
these highlands white oak, mountain oak. and tine black oak. A.s
obsorx'cd on Monte Sano and the adjoinine- ridj^n's. the typical sugar
maple {Acer saccharvm) of the North is not i-arely met with on the
smumit and the hiirhest flanks in the richest s])ots. Its variety {Acer
Kticclnifuiii h<(i'h(ifi(iii) with smaller and sharper-lol)ed leaves, is more
frequent and is widely diffused over the rocky hills which extend south-
ward to the tertiai-y rido-es of the UppcM- Division of the coast pine
belt, associated with the cucum])er tree, silver-leaf linden {Tilia hetero-
j)/it/I/a), and sweet l)ucke\^e {Aescultis octmidrd). A group of fine trees
of this last species, which is rare in Alabama, was observed on a ter-
race of rich soil a short distance below the brow of Monte Sano. The
trees measured from 25 to 30 inches in diameter and from 75 to 85 feet
in height. This truly Allegh(>nian type, extending from the head-
waters of the Ohio River in Pennsylvania along the mountains to the
northwestern corner of Georgia, finds its southern limit at this point.

The vallevs skirting the detached spurs of the Cumberland Moun-
tains are for the greater part still covered with the original forest,
which is practically untouched by the ax. It can be said that a consid-
erable portion of the most valuable hardwood timber found in the State
is hidden in these secluded valleys — as, for example, in the valley of
the Paintrock River. It is stated that in this valley, of about 35 miles
in length, the tulip tree or 3'ellow^ poplar {Lirlodendron tuUpifera)
abounds in its largest dimensions, with white oak, linden, white ash,
large sassafras, and black walnut, and with red cedar of superior qual-
ity occupying the damp rocky r(>cesses.

The ridges of Subcar})onif erous limestone rarely exceed an elevation
of 1,200 feet. Their tree growth is the same as that of the forests
which cover the gentler slopes of the limestone ledges cropping out
beneath the sandstones which cap the summit of the higher ranges.
On the flanks, with a deeper soil covering, the tulip tree becomes more
frequent among the oaks, associated with the maples mentioned, and,
more rarely, with white ash and shell-bark hickory {Ilicoria ovata).
Black walnut {Jugla/tis nigra) and wild cherry {Prunus serotind) are but
rarely found even on the richest spots. Fetid buckeye (Aesctdtts gla-
hra) is of rather rare occurrence on the more exposed slopes of the cal-
careous hills, and red cedar is mingled with the hard- wood trees. Of
the trees of smaller size, the American smoke tree {CotinuH cotinoides)
makes its appearance on the calcareous summits and upon the shelves

MESOPHILE ARBOREAL AND HERBACEOUS FLORA. 85

where the sandstones overlie the calcareous rocks on the flanks of the
higher mountains. This highly ornamental tree, one of the rarest of
the Atlantic forests, is confined in the State to the mountains of
Madison County, where it attains a height of from 30 to 60 feet, with
a diameter of from 8 to 12 inches. The American smoke tree was
first discovered by Nuttall on the limestone cliff's bordering Grand
River, near the northeastern limit of Indian Territory. It was subse-
quently found in Alabama by Buckley, and has also been detected as
far west as the Medina Valley, in western Texas. Having disap-
peared from the locality where it was first discovered, and subsequent
to its discovery in Alabama not having been seen b}- any botanist,
the tree remained in obscurity for the next forty years, until it was
again brought to light by the writer in 1881. Later it was found hy
Mr. Bush^ in southwestern Missouri, and since then Professor Tre-
lease has found it in several localities in the Ozark Hills of the same
region. Being in the Tennessee Valley exposed to a temperature
falling not rarely nearly to zero, this tree will prove hardy in almost
every locality where the cultivation of its European relative is possi-
ble. In its native location it is readily reproduced by sprouts from the
stump, almost all of the vigorous coppice growths which it forms — for
instance, the one observed on the Gurley place (near Gurley) — being of
this origin. Red plum {Prunus americanci)^ red buckeye {Aesculus
pama)^ aromatic sumac {Rhus aromatica)^ redbud {Cercis canadensis)^
with seedlings of the red cedar, form the bulk of the undergrowth of
the high forests, and coral-berry and shrubby St. John's wort {Ilyjyeri-
ciim jprolificuni) the bushy covering of the ground.

Mesophile herbaceous plant associations. — The herbaceous flora on
these forest-clad heights is represented chiefly by mesophile plant
associations, which seek the shelter of the forest, or its borders and
more or less shady openings. Besides the species common through-
out the mountain region, a number of others are here found which are
widely distributed to the northern limit of the Carolinian area, but
occur rarely if at all in other regions of the State. Examples are:

IXsporum lanuginosum. Thalidrum dtGicum.

Uvularia puberula. Dentaria laciniata.

Uvularia grancUflora. Pimpinella integerrima.

Caulophyllmn thalidroides.' Washingtonia daytoni.
Anemone virginiana.

On the densely shaded bluffs of the Tennessee River at Sheffield
landing a few mesophile species have been observed which deserve to
be mentioned. Of woody plants the Northern yellow wood ( Cladrastis
tinctoria)., a representative type of the lower souttiwestern AUeghenian
ranges, frequent from Kentucky southward, reaches here its extreme

^ W. F. Bush, Trees and Shrubs of Missouri, St. Louis.
* Blue cohosh.

86

PLANT LIKK <)K ALABAMA.

suulhi'iii stutioii, reduced to a shrul)l>y urowtli. A jx'culiiir torni of
Ahim' jiiihriti (\iir. I< iuu'.sKerii.sif<) fouiid l»y Dr. Short in Kentucky,
ju'cordine" to 1 )r. Small, with Iliin/iriui Jiixjuda /il/xiitlcaidlK^ iidiahits
the d('e])ly shach'd, daiuj) roeky shelves and clefts with L'yxUtpteris
fragillx, and the delicate fronds of the Northern ( 'ijstopter!^ huJhlfera
with the Soiithei'ii maidenhair { .\(lliiiifi(m cdjull us-rtiirrlx) overhaiijj
dri])pin«i' rocks.

\ K(iI-ri'.\Tlt).\ dl" IIIK LOWLANDS, COVIOS, AM) MUFF'S.

Mesojfhlli'fori'xf.— '&onXh of tiie Tennessee liixcr the lowlands border-
ing Catoa, Flint, and Big Nancy creeks are covered with extensive
hardwood forests. The dense tree cover consists chiefly of cow oak,
Texas oak, willow oak, Spanish oak, and more sparingly of mocker-
nut hickory, beech, and white ash, with hornbeam, papaw, deciduous
holly {Ilex decidud), and liawthorns {Cr<it<ir</itx ap'iifoJ'm^ 61 eru><-<f<dU.,
C. sjMt/iidata)j connnon in damp fresh soils, as undergrowth.

The cow oak abounds in the bottoms along the streams in the per-
fection of its growth, tre(>s from 80 to 40 inches in diameter not l)eing
rare. Three tret's felled, representative of the average size of this
valual)le hardwood timber, showed the following dimensions:

THmensiotifi imd age of roir out tinifier.

No. of
sample.

Diameter

breast high
(inches) .

Length of

stick of
merchant-
able timber
(feet) .

tree (feet,. ;^;:[-,';|-f,

1
2
3

33
30
26

:?5
39
37

93 1 280
103 220
9.5 177

The Texas oak or Southern red oak, the frequent companion of the
above, is often found from 2i to 3 feet in diameter and from 80 to 100
feet in height, dimensions attained at an age of from 150 to 175 years.
The timber of the Southern red oak is considered little inferior to that
of the white oak.

White ash {Fraximis ame)'icana) is found scattered throughout the
forest, particularly along the base of the declivities bordering the low-
lands. Trees from 2i to 3 feet in diameter have been observed in the
valleys, as well as occasionally in other localities, extending to the
border of the Louisianian area. Not being of gregarious habit, this
tree is not abundant in an}' localit3^

The benches of the Mountain Limestone which form the terraces of
the wide fertile coves surrounding the head waters of the streams
named are covered by a deep fresh soil rich in humus, productive of
an excellent timber growth. On these terraces oaks predominate,
and, above all, the white oak (in this region called ridge white oak to
distinguish it from the swamp w hite oak or cow oak), together with

FOEESTS AND HERBACEOUS FLORA OF LOWLANDS. iS i

post oak, Southern shagbark hickory {Hicoria carolinae-septe^itrio-
nalis), black oak, Spanish oak, and more rareh^ black walnut, the last
becoming scarce wherever it is accessible.

On these bench lands the white oak takes the place of the cow oak.
There can be little doubt that the largest supplies of white oak timber
in the State are preserved in these coves of the Tennessee ValW .
The full-grown trees average from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Four
trees felled for investigation were of the following dimensions:

Dimensions and age of white oak iimher.

No. of
sample.

Diameter

breast high

(inches) .

Length of
stick of
merchant-
able timber

(feet).

Total
height of
tree (feet).

Annual
rings in
stump.

1
2
3

4

22
26
36

28

52
35
25
38

108
115
99
102

170
180
190
1G2

Five or six trees of these dimensions have frequently been counted
upon an acre.

The Southern shellbark or shagbark hickory is also abundant in
these coves, and large quantities of this timber are annually shipped
to the manufacturing centers North and South. The saplings of this
tree form the greater part of the undergrowth in the more open forest.

The Spanish oak {Quercm dig 'data {Q. falcata Michx.)) is at its best
where the terraces merge into the lowland. Its sturdy trunk aver-
ages from 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with a total height of from 90 to 100
feet, affording clear sticks of timber 36 to 48 feet long. The age of
such trees of full growth varies between 135 and 175 years.

The willow oak {Quercus phellos) is most abundant in wet, undrained
flats of an impervious soil. In Alabama it is rarely found outside of
this valley, but extends sparingly southward to the Central Prairie
region. This oak seldom exceeds 80 feet in height, with an average
diameter breast high of 25 inches, and spreads its massive limbs at a
height of from 30 to sometimes 40 feet from the ground.

The large amount of hardwood lumber sawn at the mills on the
banks of the Tennessee River (chiefly at Decatur) and at the numerous
smaller factories along the Memphis and Charleston Railroad exhibits
the rapid development of the industries depending upon the timber
wealth of the Tennessee Valley.

Mesophile lherhace(ym jplant associations. — The herbaceous flora of the
forests of the bottom and bench lands comprises but a small number
of mesophile species growing under their dense shade. Late in autumn
the writer observed ChimapMla maculata and Galium circaezans., both
northern types extending to the Canadian zone, and also MitcheUa
repens^ common throughout temperate eastern North America.

88 PLANT LIKE OF ALABAMA.

VKCETATIU.N UK THE HAKUENS ANI> KIVEK HILLS.

Tn the northern part of the Tennessee Valley and west of the out-
lyin*,'' spurs of the ('uinlu'rliind Mountains rises an undulatin*; plain
from 2(X> to 800 foot above th<' river level, broken by the de<'p narrow
channels of the numerous tributaries of the river which take their
rise in the ''Highland Rim" of Tennessee. The soil is a sandy com-
pact loam of whitish color, destitute of lime and vo^etal)le matter
and deficient in underdrainage, being underlaid by an impervious clay
or hardpan. This plain is covered with an open forest of the upland
oaks, which are coumion in the mountain region, black jack prevailing,
accompanied by mockernut hickory. The trees are all of stunted
growth, scarcely above medium size, with an undergrowth of dogwood,
black haw, sourwood, and sumach. A low willow {Salix tristin) covers
acres of the level expanse, imparting by the ashy hue of its foliage a
peculiar aspect to the low, bushy, deciduous forest. The herbaceous
iiora of these barrens exhibits the same want of varietj'^ as their woody
growth. As noticed on a single visit to the barrens between the forks
of Cypress and Shoal creeks, in Lauderdale County, in the early part
of June, the paucity of the glumaceous plant formations was a sur-
prise. Of grasses and Cyperaceae,

Andropogon virginicm, Eleocharis tenuis,

Agrostis hiemalis, Cypei'us ovularis,

Panicum comnmtatum,

were scantily scattered between the herbaceous perennials, indicating
a cold, ill-drained, rather poor soil. The following were among the
herbaceous plants observed, the first being the most abundant:

Phlox maculaia. Meibomia caneseens.

Steironema lanceolatum. Meibomia dillenii.

Steironema ciliatum. Coreopsis tripteris.

On the more exposed declivities, which admit of ready surface
drainage, the same associations of xerophile herbs prevail which
inhabit similar localities all over the State, mostly Leguminosae, con-
sisting of bush clovers {Lespedeza spp.), tick-trefoils {Meibornia spp.)
Stylosanthes, Psoralea, Cracca, and of other families, Coreopsis seni-
folia^ Ceanothus americanus^ and Polygala incamata. Tick-trefoils,
chiefly Japanese clover {Lespedeza striata)^ which overruns the ground
around dwellings, afford the only pasturage to live stock.

On their descent to the river plain the channels of the water courses
intersecting the barrens widen and the highland becomes divided by
broader valleys into ridges, which encroach more or less upon the
banks of the Tennessee River. These hills are mostly steep and
densely wooded. With the dip of these strata toward the south the
soil becomes looser and calcareous and the vegetation more luxuriant.
The timber growth is of great diversity and of fair quality. White

FLOEAL REGION OF LOWER HILL COUNTRY. 89

oak, post oak, and Spanish oak are most frequent, with chestnut, bass-
wood, and tulip trees. As lias been observed, the trees on these hills
are of rather rank growth. Of smaller trees and shrubs, forming the
dense copses and bordering the high forest, small-leaf sugar maple,
redbud, dogwood, and hazelnut prevail. Box elder, winged elm, wil-
low, with azaleas, whortleberries, farkleberry, and the poison laurel
[Kalmia latifolia) shade the rocky banks of the swift mountain
streams. The Carolina silverbell tree {Mohrodendrori {Halesia) caro-
Umim) also makes its appearance here, a strictly southern Appalachian
type, frequently met with from the lower ranges of southwestern
Virginia, along the mountains, to the lower hills in Alabama.

CULTURAL PLANT FORMATIONS.

Of the 4,500 square miles embraced within the region of the Tennes-
see Valley about 2,430 belong to the Valley proper, their red soil
resting upon the more or less siliceous limestones of the subcarbonif er-
ous strata. Being highly productive, these lands are mostly cleared
and under cultivation. Mainly in the hands of small owners, they are
under a high state of cultivation, the effort being directed to the devel-
opment of all the possibilities of the farm. Hence, proper attention is
given to the raising of every kind of live stock and the cultivation of
all the crops needed on the farm for the sustenance of man and beast.
Fields of corn and small grain alternate with fields of cotton, in which
crop from 12 to 15 per cent of the whole area of the valley is planted.
The fresh green of the meadow and the clover field greet the eye, and, as
in the gardens and orchards of the Warrior table-land, all the vegeta-
bles, root crops, forage plants, and a large part of the fruits of the
temperate zones of the globe can be successfully grown in this valley.
Peaches, pears, and apples are raised in'perfection on the hills, and
for the cultivation of the grape no other section of the State appears
to be so well adapted. Red wines of high quality can be produced on
the sunn}^ slopes of the calcareous hills.

What has been said of the agricultural plant formations of this
valley applies generally to the Coosa Valley proper and to the smaller
outlying Aalle3\s from the foot of Lookout Mountain westward to
Blount's Valley.

REGION OF THE LOWER HILL COUNTRY.

The line of demarcation between the mountain region and this part
of the Carolinian area can not be distinctly drawn. South and south-
west, where the strata of the same geological formation slope gradually
away from the high table-land to the hills which rise from a lower
water level, these regions overlap each other and the changes in the
character of their flora are difficult to discern. Not less difficult is it
to recognize their border line toward the south and southeast along

90 I'LANT l.IFK OF ALABAMA.

the limit of the nictanioipliic hills, 'riic cliiiiitrc in llu; chanictor of
tlif lloiu in this ill tl<'linc<l region is indicated hy the absence of or
dccrrasr in the nunittrr ol' species possessed in connuoii with the north-
ern AilcLiiianics and tiie ()lli()^'alley and (he appearance of Southern
forms which nc\ cr or l)ut rai-ely occur in the mountain region. These
hills havt> a numl)er of specie's in common with the northern extension
t)f tiie Carolinian area which find tlu'ir southern limit in this region
and impait to its llora a northern aspect. For this reason it might
hotanicallv he icuarded as a sululivision of the mountain region of
which these lower hills in their descent to the Coastal plain form the
hist tei-race and of which stratigraphically they are an integral part.

GHAVKLLY lULl.S OK SIIOKT-I-EAK I'lNK AM) HARDWOOD TREES.

On the western desc^ent of the Warrior table-land the coal measures
disappear under heavy (U'posits of sand and gravels of a more recent
formation, through ^vhich the water courses have cut their beds, result-
ing in the foiinaticm of rounded hills from 250 to a little over 300 feet
high down to low undulating ridges, of considerable length and width
between the hills. This belt of drifted deposits extending along the
western ])order of the State across the Tennessee River forms the
divide between the waters of the Tombigbee River and the Warrior
basin, and is the northern extension of the central belt of drifted
deposits which separates the older from the recent geological forma-
tions. It embraces nearly allot Colbert, parts of Franklin and Marion,
all of Lamar, the western section of Fayette and Pickens, and the
northwestern part of Tuscaloosa counties. Notwithstanding the dif-
ferences in its geological condition, this subdivision can not well be
separated botanically from the floral region under consideration. This
upland area is at once distinguished by the frequency of the shortleaf
pine among the hardwood trees, mostly upland oaks and hickories,
the pine having originally constituted about one-half of the tree growth.
This proportion has, however, during later years, been greatly reduced,
and the supply of pine timber is at present nearl}^ exhausted. The
forest presents almost the same aspect as that found on the table-lands
at or below the elevation of about 800 feet above the sea, which have
a similar light and dry soil.

These gravelly hills, being closel}'^ connected with the Tennessee Val-
le}^ and with the mountain region through the numerous prongs of the
western edge of the "Warrior ta))le-land intersecting this subdivision,
its herbaceous flora, mostly of the xerophile class, presents no peculiar
characteristics.

COAL MEASURES OF THE CAHABA VALLEY AND WARRIOR BASIN.

Crossing the southern rim of the Warrior coal basin and the Cahaba
coal field an extremely hilly area is entered, most rugged along its
southern borders. It comprises the eastern part of Marion and Fay-

FORESTS OF CAHABA VALLEY AND WARRIOR BASIN. 91

ette counties, the lower half of Winston, the southern edge of Cull-
man and much of Blount, all of Walker and Jefferson, a great part of
Tuscaloosa, the northern border of Bibb, and portions of Shelby and
St. Clair counties. The hills within this region rarely exceed 600
feet above sea level. The soil resulting from the disintegration of
coal-bearing shales, frequently rocky and shallow, is poor and dry.

Xerojyhile forests. — The xerophile forests consist largely of decidu-
ous trees of inferior size. These are upland oaks of the })lack and red
oak group, with stunted post oak, more rareh' chinquapin oak {Quercus
acuminat(i) of a more or less arborescent habit; pignut hickor}- and
pale-leaf hickory {Ilicoria viUosa)., a tree of medium size, lately distin-
guished, occurring from Missouri, Tennessee, and North (Carolina to
Alal)ama, being frequent on the rocky hills of the siliceous conglom-
erates. White-bark maple {Acei' leucoderm^ and various hawthorns
( Crataegus collma., C cocGinea., C. spathulata., C. raohri.^ and C. tri-
fj(yrd)^ all common to this and the mountain region, form the vegeta-
tion of the dejise copses and the undergrowth in these xerophile forests.
On the outcrops of the subcarboniferous limestone the chestnut oak
{Quercus acuminata)., here in its best development, is not infrequent,
and Texas white 0'c\h {Querciis hreviloha).^ known commonly as pin oak,
finds its northern limit on the calcareous hills near the Mulberry Fork
of the Warrior River, in Blount County.

On the cliffs of sandstone which form the eastern brink of the Black
Warrior River, a short distance above the city of Tuscaloosa, a mono-
typical shrub, Neviiisia alahamensis., finds its only home. The numer-
ous slender wand-like stems bear abundant white apetalous flowers in
the earliest days of spring, when the leaves begin to appear. This
unique shrub belongs to the Asiatic element of Alabama's flora, and is
strictly contined to the above locality. It was discovered by the Rev.
R. A. Nevius and Professor Wyman in 1858.

In Tuscaloosa County, between North River and the Black Warrior
River, a tract of longleaf pine extends to the banks of Yellow Creek
near Oregonia, and in the northern part of Walker Countv a dense
forest of this pine covers an isolated area of sand and pebbles extend-
ing over several townships, and is in its timber growth not surpassed
by the best pine lands, further south. South Lowell, Walker County,
450 feet above the sea, is near the center of this pine forest. The
upland willow oak or blue jack, common in the lower Coast Pine belt,
in this isolated pine forest reaches its most northern station. The
herbaceous flora presents the same associations of xerophile grasses,
Leguminosae, and Compositae, common in the maritime belts of long-
leaf pine. Noteworthy is Ilelianthus mollis.^ a rare plant widely
diffused from the prairies in southern Missouri and Arkansas to Ten-
nessee and upper Georgia, and known in Alabama also from another
locality, viz, the pine forests near Gadsden, Etowah County.

\>*J PLANT \AVV. OK AI.AHAMA.

M,.^,, J, III I, j'i>r>.-<fs. 'I'lif t'on-sls of the t't'i-lilr \ :ill<'\ >:iii(l the iiiclosino-
liilUidcs of a soiiicw hat fell ilt- >oil aic lira\ily I iiiilirrf*!. The Soutli-
»M"ii liacklu'lTV ( ( r/f/'s ////.v.sv'.v.v/yy//V/^s/'.s), iioiK'V locust, and lur«^<', swi'ct
or vv<{ )i\\\\\ ( Li<jiii<l<i mini r sfi/r(ic!lf I'll), hccoiiH' iiioi't' fi"('(|U<'iil aiiionu-
tlic al»uiulaiit cow oak, Southoni icd oak, Spanish oak. and tlic more
scattered tulip trees, white ash. and iiickories ot tlie h)wlands. and tlie
scarce Ithick wahuit. The tiiid)er orowth on the hirjjfei' Irifmtai'ies of
the ^\'an•ior. jjarticuhirlv the MulboiTV fork and its numerous hrancbes
(("ane. Lost, \\'olf. and others) crossed l>y tlie writer, has been hut
sliehtly i'lici'oached upon. 'I'he loblolly })ine is confined to the luirrow
bottoms along the ])ank8 of the streams. In the semiswampy bottom
of the Luxa])allila. of a cold, somewhat sandy . and com]jact soil, this j)ine
is found of lare«> dimensions, scatter«'d among beech, sweet gum, willow
oak. cow oak, water oak, and laurel oak, the last two now becoming
more frequent than observed farther north. The hillsides with a fresh
soil and the openings in tliese forests are in the spring and early sum-
mer adorned by the flowers of tlie uml)rella tree {Magiuflm tripetala)^
Fraser magnolia (M.frdscr't)^ and lai"ge-leaf magnolia (J/! iinKTophyJla)^
})y the ])l()()m of the Carolina silverbell, and b}' the profusion of the
delicate white-flowered spikes of the small-flowered buckeye {Aescvlus
parviflfrra) and the dense clusters of Ilydrangea quercifolld^ known
as sevenbark, l)oth of these shrubs, strictly southern Appalachian,
extending along the mountains to South Carolina and southwestern
Virginia, respectively, and southward to the Tertiary hills.

The importance of the forests of the ''Hill Country of Alabama,"
the great mineral region of the State, in connection with the wealth
hidden in the ground beneath them, can not be too highly appreciated.
The mining of every ton of coal requires half a cubic foot of timber.
To this demand of the miner nmst be added the large drafts upon
these forests for charcoal and foi' lundjer, which are augmenting with
the rapid increase of the population at the centers of mining and other
industries.

Her}}aceoi(j< ]d(i'>^>i o^fKociationfi. — The her])aceous flora of the Lower
Hills, with its associations of species common on the table-lauds and
in the higher valleys of the mountain region, mingling with forms
more or less fre((uent in the Louisianian area, differs but slightly in
its general character from the similarlj' mixed flora of the southern
edge of the metamorphic region. Characteristic, however, is the
occurrence of a few endemic types confined to a single localitv in this
region and of others of a peculiarl}' local distribution rarely found
elsewhere in the Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Neviusia aZaham-
eiisw has already been mentioned as a monotype endemic to this
region. To this is to be added Croton alabamensU^ presently to be
further discussed. Phacelia Mpmnata hrevistylis is known only from
the banks of the Warrior River near Tuscaloosa, and Cromnia pauci-

HERBACEOUS FLORA OF OAHABA VALLEY AND WARRIOR BASIN. 93

ii(yra is known in the State only from the same locality, though it is
found also in western Florida on the banks of the Apalachicola near
the Georgia State line, A notable instance of disjoined range is that
of Solidago curtisi!.^ which also occurs near Tuscaloosa. It is chiefly
a plant of the high mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, and Ten-
nessee. Eupatorium incamatum^ which is found on the banks of
North River (Tuscaloosa County) ranges from northwestern Louisiana
and eastern Texas to east Tennessee and South Carolina. The fol-
lowing species, recorded in the order of their times of flowering,
descend from the Tennessee Valley and the mountain region and on
these hills find their southern limit:

Sanguinaria canadensis. Folemonium reptarijf.

Anemone quinquefolia. Phacelia purshii.

Synrlesrnon thalidroides. Heuchera americana.
Isopyrum biternatum. ■ Heuchera villosa.

Uvularia grandiflora. Porteranthus slipulacea.

Uvularla sessilifolia. Sabbatia boykinii.

Dentai~ki laciniaia multifida. Verbesina helianthoides.

Anemone caroliniana. Verbesina alternifolia.

Anemone virginica. Campanula divaricata.

Saxifraga virginiensis. Mimidus alatus.

Viola sagittata. Solidago nemoralis.

Viola pubescens. Solidago amplexicaulis.

Actaea alba. Solidago flexicaulis.

Bicucidla cucullaria. Aster shortii.

Washingtonia longistylis. Aster camptosorus.
Obolaria virginica.

In their extreme southern continuation the Alleghanian spurs pene-
trate the Central Pine belt in Bibb County, there reduced to low, short
ridges. Their outcrops, consisting of the oldest Silurian sandstones
and cherts and Subcarboniferous limestones, give rise on this narrow
area to a diversity of soil conditions, and hence their plant associa-
tions, generally of xerophile character, present a remarkable variety.
Among the arboreal vegetation Acer jioridanum is found. This
maple, below medium size, occurs also in middle Florida and on the
Tertiary hills in the upper division of the coast pine belt. It is here
for the first time encountered by one coming from the northern part
of the State.

After a long series of 3'ears of doubt concerning the existence of
Quercux hreviloha in Alabama, it was found in this region by the
writer on the limestone hills lining the Little Cahaba River in 1882,
more than forty years after it was first credited to the State by
Buckle}', who also discovered this tree subsequently in southern
Texas. Under the shade of an open grove formed by this stately
oak, in a rocky valley near Pratts Ferry, Croton alahamensis was dis-
covered by Dr. E. A. Smith, forming dense thickets several acres in

04 PLANT LIFK oK M-AHAMA.

(\\t»Mit. It is :i slnult <>r ji drcidcdly (lopical li:it)it. |)r(>|)crly Itcloiitrin^^
to lilt' West rndian sul)ircnus Klt'iilci-ia. I'idiii !<' to l.") U>v.i hif^li,
st|u:nroscl\ liraiiclicd I'l-oiii the Icisc. and conspicuoits hy the. scurfy
i'o\ criiii:' <'t" silvery scjilcs on tin- Itrancldcts and lower sides of the,
lea\»'s. i'lie llowei's o])en from early in March to the middle of
Ai)ril. liy (lie end of the latter niontli the foliaj^e of the, previous
year is replaced 1)V new leaves. It appears certain that this int«restin«r
shruh is strictly confined to this secluded valley near the hanks of
Little C'ahaba Rivei-. The abundant white, star-like flowers of the
densely tufted Sedum nevii. eidiven the moss-covered rocks lieneath
these thickets of Croton. This prett}' plant is also found n(>ar Tusca-
loosa and is recorded from the mountains of southern \'ir«(inia and
from the Cumberland Mountains in Tennessee. Vedtei^iiti l(U'tei)imu^
extending to northw^estern Louisiana and eastern Texas, and Arahis
jHifcfiK^ extending- to the Alh^ghenian area, occur on the shaded rocky
Ixn-ders. Of xerophile plants, Cairnjanula divaj'icata^ frequent in the
Metamorphic and Coosa hills, is found on exposed cliffs with Gilia
eoroiuipifolia., the latter ranging* from the middle country of South
Carolina to the plains of Arkansas and Texas. Of rarer plants occur-
ring here are Mdnhdlla Umceolata^ ranging from Cxeorgia to Tennessee
and North Carolina, and Silene regia^ conspicuous ])y its rich panicles
of flaming scarlet flowers, also at home in the prairies of southern
Illinois and of the lower Ohio. Many a fern from the mountains
finds here the southern limit of its distribution on the rocky, shaded
banks of brooklets and streams. Of such may be enumerated:

rherioplerin hexagonoptera. Aspleidum filix-foemina.

Axplenium ruta-muraria. Cheilanthes lanosa.

Aspknium inontanum. Cheilanthes alabamerum.

Asplenium panmlum. Woodsia obtusa.

Asplenium (richoiiianes. Dnjopteris marginaJ.in.

L.OUISIANIAN AREA OR FLORA.

Descending from the hills of the older (Paleozoic) formations, con-
sisting of the extreme southern members of the Appalac^hian mountain
system, the Austroriparian or Louisianian area of the Lower Austral
life zone is reached. This area wdthin the State is thus coterminous
with the vast Coastal ])laiM. The elevation of this plain scarcely
exceeds at any point 3o(> feet above sea level, and in its gradual decline
to the (xulf shore presents great uniformity in its topography. Undis-
turbed by local influences due to great differences in elevation, the
distribution of heat here follows the lines of latitude. In consequence
the climate does not run to extremes. The following are data of tem-
perature and rainfall obtained at Greenville, Butler County, the most

^Gaiesia laetevirens A. Gray.

CHARACTERS OF LOUISIANIAN AREA.

95

centrally located .station where meteorological observations have been
made during- a series of years:

Temperature (degrees F.).

Mean pre-

Maximum.

Minimum.

Mean.

(inches) .

Winter.

51
64
79.4

74

14 12

16.10

16 85

1

11.33

i

94

11

65

58 40

The heat during the warmest season is tempered by the Gulf breezes
prevailing from forenoon to late in the afternoon. The Aapor-laden
currents from the Gulf in their unhindered sweep over the plain dis-
charge their moisture quite evenly throughout the year.

It has been shown that man}^ of the plants frequent throughout the
Carolinian area and types characteristic of the southern exposures of
the Alleghany Mountains find their southern limit of vegetation on
the hills bordering upon the coastal plain. A similar limitation has also
been pointed out for a number of shrubs and trees, clearl}- marking
the border line between the Upper and Lower Austral life zones.
This zonal border, marked by trees strictly confined to the Louisianian
area of the Lower iVustral zone throughout its extent from east to west,
not only in Alabama, but from the Atlantic coast to the eastern border
of the Southwestern arid plains, deviates Ijut slightl}" from the line of
latitude 3!^° 30', and is clearly indicated bv the northwestern limit of
the following species:

Magnolia foetida [M. grandiflora L.) (mag-
nolia) .
HicoriainyriMiraeformis (nutmeg hickory) .
Hicoria aquafica (bitter pecan) .

Quercus laurifolia (laurel oak) .
Quercus lyrata (overcup oak) .
Quercus catesbaei (turkey oak) .
Pinus glabra (Southern spruce \nne) ,

The evergreens, consisting of pines on the light siliceous soils and
of broad-leaved species in the mesophile forest, predominate largely
over the deciduous forest growth, and the frequency of types identical
with tropical forms, or closely allied to them, impress upon the vege-
tation of this life area the character of the subtropical regions.

The cultural plant formations of these regions, and confined within
the limits of this zone, are:

Gossyplum herbaceum (cotton) .

Zra mays (Indian corn) .

Saccharitm offidnarum (tropical sugar

cane) .
Oryza saliva (rice) .
Sorghum vulgare (Durrha, Kafir i-orn) .

The growing of the cereals of this list replaces almost exclusively
the cultivation of small grain.

Sorglmiii halcpeui^r (false (-ruinea or Jolm-

son grass) .
J'eniciUaria sjyicala (cat-tail millet) .
Panicum barbinode (Para grass) .
Chaetochloa italica (Italian millet) .

\)C> I'LANT MFK oF ALAI5AMA.

()!' :irl»<irtal foiiiiMl ions tlii^ poach, H<j. prar. plum, pomo^rjinuto,
and, ill slicltcit'd situations, the sweet and Wittei* oi'iinjre and locjuat, or
.lapanese medlar ar«> cultivated, and also the jirape. Thes(> fruits are,
ho\ve\"er. not yet phmtcd .sufficiently to form large orchards.

KKGION Of THE CENTKAL I'lNE JiELT.

Physiographical features. — A belt of sands and pehhles <-r()sses the
v'^tate almost ccMitrally in a southeastern and northwestern direction
and separates the Paleozoic formation from the more recent siMlimentary
(Mesozoic) strata. This belt, varying from about 10 to a little over
35 miles in width, (extends from Russell County to a short distance
west of Tuscaloosa County, where, with a sudden ])end toward th(\
north, it merges into thi^ Lower Hills, which arc^ clad with a mixed
forest of short-leaf pine and u])hind hard-wood trees. Between the
water courses the undulating surface frequently spreads out into
more or less level table-lands.

Xeropliile and iiie^opldle foreaU. — Wherever the sandy loam forming
the surface soil becomes deeper, the long-leaf pine is associated with
post oak, Spanish oak, black oak, black-jack, pigimt, and mockernut
hickory, and where the more siliceous soil prevails the long-leaf pine
alone forms continuous forests of a heavy timber growth, which furnish
the supplies demanded by the active lumber industry established along
the railroad lines traversing this })elt.

Entering this region at the northern border, the turke}' or barren
oak and the blue jack make their appearance and are frequent com-
panions of the long-leaf pine of the dr3'-pinc barrens farther south;
and of evergreen shrubs and trees, which line the streams throughout
the maritime pine belt, the sweet illicium {llliciuin floridanum)^ ti-ti
{('llftonl<iiaon<)p}iyll(i)^ and red l)ay {Pers.ea Carolina) are here met with.
The limbs of the large trees, shading their banks, arc now invested with
the somber gray drapery of Spanish moss, and this, together with the
appearance of the dwarf or blue palmetto {Sahal adansonii) and arbor-
escent lilies ( Yucca alolfolia^ Y. Jilanien.tosa)^ indicates that the sub-
tropical region of the State has been entered. On the southern border
of this central pine belt, in localities with a fresh moist soil, the
magnolia is found from Russell Count}^, at the eastern confine of the
State, to Prattville and to York Station on the western boundary.
The northern limit of the Southern spruce pine {Pvaus glabra) proceeds
ver}^ nearly along the same line.

Xerophile and TTbesophjile herbaceous plant associations. — The follow-
ing herbaceous plants of the Louisianian area find their northern limit
in this region and are but occasionally found to obtrude beyond it

FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF CENTRAL PRAIRIE REGION. 97
upon the adjacent lower hills. Belonging to xerophile associations

are :

Paspalum ciliatum.
Paspalum dasyphyllum.
Panicum nashianum.
Muhlenbergia trichopodes.
Eragrostis hirsuta.
Gymnopogon ambiguus.^
Cyperus fiUcfulmis. ^
Cyperus ovidaris.^
('ommelina nudiflora.^

Belonging to niesophile

Paspalum praecox.
Paspalum dilatatum.
Panicum melicarium.
Fuirena squarrosa hispida.^
Rynchospora axillaris.
Carex verrucosa.^
Carex debilis pubera.^
Carex baileyi.
Kobresia odorata.
Xyris iridifolia.

Commelina tnrginica.^

Bradburya virginica.^

Meibomia stricta. '

Breweria humisiraia.

Clinopodium {Calaminthu) carolinianum.

Verbena caroliniana.

Vemonia graminifolia.

Solidago petiolaris}

Ladnaria elegans.^

associations:

Xyris torta.^

Xyris caroliniana. '

Smilax laurifoliu.

Atamosco {Zephyranthes) atamasco.

Pogonia divaricata. '

Gyrostachys praecox.^

Amsonia ciliiata.

Jacquemontia tamnifolia.

Breweria humistrata. '

Brintonia discoidea.^

CENTRAL PRAIRIE REGION.

PHYSIOGKAPHICAL FEATURES.

This floral region comprises the plain of Cretaceous rocks which
crosses the State in a belt from 35 to 45 miles wide, its mean ele-
vation above the Gulf of Mexico scarcely exceeding 200 feet. It is
inclosed at its northern and at its southern limit between the pine-
clad hills, which rise from 150 to 250 feet above the depression of the
plain. Rarely perfectly level, the plain rises in broad swells above
the sluggish water courses. Westward the water courses of this
plain are the tributaries of the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers, and
toward the east they empty into the numerous bays which indent the
coast of western Florida or into the Chattahoochee River, It covers
an area roughly estimated to exceed somewhat 5,000 square miles,
embracing all, or nearly all, of Greene, Hale, Dallas, Lowndes, Mont-
gomery, Macon, and Bullock counties, and parts of Sumter, Marengo,
Perry, Autauga, Pike, and Russell.

The following climatic data are furnished by the records of the mete-
orological station at Montgomery, extending over twenty-two years:

Data of temperature and rainfall.

Annual. Winter. Spring. Summer.

Fall.

Mean temperature degrees P. .

Rainfall inches. .

Cloudy days percentage. .

63.3
51.4

47

50

17.1

55

66.6

16.74

44

80

12.22

47

65.4
8.54
43

^ Less frequently found north of the Central Pine belt.
15894 7

08

PLANT LIKE <»F M. A MA MA.

'Plu- last killiii*,'- fiosl liappcns luiwmi llic middle <>\' l<\'l>nmrv and
hitter part of April, on the avcrai,''*'. alMnil tlir Mli or li»tli of March.
The iiiaxinmiii tcnipcraturr was in .Inly !<»(; ; the iiiiiiiiiiiiin in Jami-
uarv .') .' 'I'lu' course of tlic tcnipcratarc. which has siicli a ])<)t(Mit
iiifhiciu-c on phmt ^'•rowlli. is Itcst n'])rcs('ntcd in the foUowinj^ series
of tlie absohite and averaj^f minima antl maxima for each iM<^ntli (hir-
inir the same ])eriod:

Serien of maximum and minimujn lemperalurat.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

Dec.

Mrtxininm:

75.5
73.3

5.4
19.3

81. -.2
76.9

14
24.5

86.3
80.8

25
33.2

90
86.8

30
40.5

99
93.5

44
50.7

105
97.1

48
61. 1

106.9
98.9

60.8
69

103
%

59
65.5

98
93

40
52.7

96.1
86.3

31
40

83
79

21
29.1

79

72.7

Minimum:

Absolute

8
22.8

.xickoi'hii.k forests.

7hsf-/>ak prnir'u'H. — All over the region, particularly on the highest
swells, the drifted clayey loams, sand.s, and pebbles mingle with the
soil resulting from the decomposition of the underlying limestone
strata, and give rise to light, more or less sandy, loams or heavy cal-
careous clay soils, covered with open xerophile forests of Spanish oak,
black oak, black jack, post oak, the last predominating, associated
with mockernut and pignut hickory. Where the heavy claj' soils
prevail, destitute of humus, water-soaked during seasons of rain and
leaking to a hard crust during droughts, these so-called post oak prai-
ries have been Imt little encroached upon. Under the cover of the
brush the gramineous plant formations predominate, while sedge
grasses (Cyperaceae) aboiuid in the more shaded and wet situations.
For example, EJeocharlx tuhrcnlom^ E. (nmta^ and Oyperua pHeiido-
vegetiis^ on the borders of ditches and pools; Care.r triceps^ a very
di.stinct southern t3'pe, occurring from South Carolina to central
Texas, ))ut not in this State north of the southern edge of the nieta-
morphic hills; C. Jurxata^^ C. ohlita^ C. sterills^^ C. lurlda,^ common
throughout the Carolinian area; O. ox(/lepls, C. cherokeensh^ C. drhills
puhera of a more southern range; together with Ptinlewn, melicariuni^
P. anceps^ and Uniola la-m.^ In drier and more exposed places:

Sclerin triglomerata ' (abundant) .
Alliuvi canadcnse.^
Quamasia esculenta}
Lobelia appendiculata.

The last is a stately perennial of the Louisianian area known from
a few localities between South Carolina and northwestern Louisiana.

^ See footnotes p. 26.

^ Rarely found north of the Central Pine belt.

Steironema dliatum. '
Steironema lanceoJutum.
Pemtemon hirsutu.i.^
Hibiscus incanus.

HILL PRAIRIES AND PRAIRIE REGION. 99

The ubiquitous bush clovers, Japanese clover, and tick-trefoils in a
large measure take possession of the drier and lighter soil in the post
oak woods.

Where the limestone strata come near to the surface and the soil is
not of sufficient depth to support a heavier tree growth, the oaks and
hickories give wa}^ to copses of small trees and shrubs, among which
hawthorns of different species are most abundant. Characteristic
species are:

Crataegus coccinea (scarlet haw.)' PrumiH ninlteUata (prairie, plvun) .

Crataegus molle (black thorn) .^ Bumelia lycioides (false southern buck-

Crataegus crm-galU (cockspur thorn) . ' thorn) .

Crataegus fava (summer haw.) Rhamnus caroliniami (Carolina buck-

Crataegus viridis (red haw.) thorn).

Pyrus angustifolia (southern crab apple). Ptelea trifoliata (trefoil hoi) tree).'

These coppices form isolated boskets in the open or skirt the post-
oak prairies, and when covered in the spring with the snow}' white
Howers of hawthorns, plums, and crab apples or adorned in autmnn
with their lurid red and flaming scarlet fruits, impart to the landscape
a peculiar charm, relieving the monotony of the interminable fields
of cotton.

Hill prairies. — On the hills bordering the plain northward and
southward and on the highest ridges within the plain, capped like the
hills with drifted siliceous deposits, the short-leaf pine mingles with
the hard-wood trees, while the longleaf pine makes its appearance on
the most abrupt of their summits. Where on these hills the drifted
soils have been removed by denudation, the rich black soil of the
prairies or calcareous marls prevails, covered either with the white
oaks and hickories, or with cedar hammocks. These so-called hill
prairies are mostly under cultivation, and the abandoned exhausted
fields have been taken possession of by shortleaf and loblolly pine.
East of the Alabama River, particularly on the divide between the
waters of the Tallapoosa and those of the tributaries of the Chattahoo-
chee, Choctawhatchee, and Conecuh rivers, the plain becomes broken
into low hills, and the drifted deposits mingle largely with the soils
of the rotten limestone. On these hills the timber growth, through
the frequent interspersion of the shortleaf pine, assumes the same
mixed character which prevails in the adjoining upper division of the
Maritime pine belt.

In the ravines and the narrow valleys the Southern spruce pine
{Pitius glah'a) with magnolias and cucumber trees is of frequent
occurrence.

MESOPHILE FORESTS.

Prcdrie regimi. — The term ''prairie region,'' applied to this plain,
refers less to the timberless tracts which originally formed a small
fraction of its area than to the black, calcareous, highly fertile soil of

' Rarely found north of the Central Pine belt.

100 PLANT LIKK OF ALAHAMA.

tlicsc iH)liiii(l>. wliicli, Ix-iiij^- rich in liiiiiiiis. as a I'csult of the rcju'tioii
of its calcari'oiis »(mstitu»'tits upon \ ('{^'•(.tuldr matter, closely rcsomhlos
the «Miually j)ro(liictiv(^ soil of the western treeless prairies. Before
its .settleiiiciit hy whites this re<iioii was harj^ely covered hy forests of
a decithnlly inesopliile character, mostly of hardwood trees, in some
localities mixed with i"ed cedar. On the fertile uplands the forest has
been almost entirely icmoved; the >)ottoms of the Alabama and Toni-
bit^bee rivers and their lart^est tril)utai'i(\s, where sub]'(M*t to overflow,
are still heavily timl»ered with a mesophile, growth of cow oak, over-
cup oak {Qiiercus lyrata)^ laurel oak {Qiiercna Imirifolia)^ water oak,
red or sweet gum — in such perfection as this tre(> attains only in the
Atlantic forests of the lower latitudes — beech, mockernut {Hiroria
alha)^ and bitternut hickory {Ilicoria minima)^ all draped with Spanish
moss. A fine elm is also frecpiently met with here of a stui'dy growth,
often fully 2 feet in diameter, the branchlcts covered with corky fiat
expansions of the bark. Although not seen in flower or fruit this
tree certainly is distinct from the Avhite elm {Vhiotx (imericdna)^ and
is doubtless identical with the Southern white elm lateh^ discovered by
Messrs. Sargent and Canby near Huntsville, and described in the suc-
ceeding catalogue. With the rise of the land above overflow tulip
trees, linden, mulberry, stately magnolias, hackberr}-, and red bay
{Persea horhanica) mingle with the trees of the bottom. The diversitj'
of the arboreal vegetation increases further on the broad swells of the
uplands with a rich dark soil, as is apparent from the rather scanty
remains of their tree covering observed between Uniontown and De-
mopolis. On these rich uplands the Texas white oak ( Quercus hrevilolxi)^
commonly known in this section as pin oak, is found most frequent and
in the same perfection as in the rich bottom lands of southern Texas,
rivaling in size the common white oak. This ))eautiful oak is at once
recognized b}" the diverse shapes of the leaves, which frequentl}' vary
on the same tree from oblong-lanceolate and entire to broadly ovate or
obovatc and obtusely three-lobed at the apex; and also by the small
fruit. The post oak, in its best-developed state, is frequently associated
with the above. Black walnut, frequently mentioned in the records
of earlier times, is at present extremely scarce; in fact, as a timber
tree it has disappeared from these forests. The pecan {Hico7'ia pecan)
and nutmeg hickory {Hicoria Tnyristicaefonnis) are frequently scat-
tered among the oaks throughout the woodlands of this region in the
basin of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. There can be no doubt
about the pecan being indigenous to this region, although heretofore
not regarded as a native of the eastern Gulf region outside of the
Mississippi and Yazoo deltas. Groves of full-grown trees, which must
have been in existence before the arrival of the first white settlers, are
remembered by very old inhabitants. A few of these landmarks of
the original forest growth still survive, surrounded by their ofispring

TREES AND SHRUBS OF PRAIRIE REGION.

101

of succeeding generations, notably on a plantation near Faunsdale,
Dallas County. Generalh'^ this tree has disappeared with the oak forest
on the fertile lands, and is at present found only in the small groves
of oaks saved from destruction to shade the grounds around the dwell-
ings of the planters. The nutmeg hickory, when full grown, resembles
the shagbark hickory" in its pale, shreddy bark, but it is readily dis-
tinguished from the latter b}^ the silvery hue of the lower surface of
the leaves and the smaller fruit, with a thin epicarp inclosing the per-
fectly smooth nut, which simulates the nutmeg in size and shape. By
the discovery of the nutmeg hickory in this region, and of its exten-
sion into Mississippi, the northern limit of the distribution of this tree
from the Atlantic slope in South Carolina to Texas and northern
Mexico, following with hardh" any deviation, the same parallel of lati-
tude, is now clearl}^ established.

Of trees of smaller size the pawpaw {Asimina triloba)^ red bud {Cer-
cis canadensis)^ Carolina buckthorn {RlMmnus caroliniaiui)^ and of
shrubs the spice bush {Benzoin {Laurus) henzoin)^ form the undergrowth
and frequent the openings. Vitis aestivalis^ the vigorous summer
grape, Vitis chierea^ Vitis rotundifolia^ the slender-stemmed bullace
grape, and the supple jack {BercJwmia voluhilis)^ ascend the highest
trees without visible support below the lofty summits, where these
members of the liana formation spread out their branches, and under
a fuller exposure to the sun unfold their flowers and ripen their fruit.
With these are associated a number of others of the same plant
formation, namely:

Bignonia crueigera (cross vine) . Ampelopsis arborea ( Vitis bipinnata Torr.

Parthenocis.ms quiiiquefoUa (Virginia & Gr.) (pepperidge vine).

creeper) . Ampelopsis cordata.
Tecoma radicans (trumpet vine) .

These vigorous woody climbers cover with their festoons the borders
of these forests as it were with an impenetrable curtain of green.
Smaller woody and herbaceous perennial climbers entangling the
bushes and smaller trees are:

Smilnx bona-nox (greenbrier) .
Smilax laurifolia (greenbrier) .
Smilax lanceolata (greenbrier) .
Brunnichia cirrhosu .

CebaUia Carolina.
Anstolochia tomentosa.
Calycocarpum lyonii (cup vine) .
Schizundra cocdnea.

The last is a type of the Louisianian area, sparsely distributed from
South Carolina to northwestern Louisiana. Nowhere is the poison
ivy {Rhus radicans) found of more luxuriant growth and in greater
abundance than in the openings of the damp forests. Taking a firm
hold in the bark of trees with its innumerable rootlets, the stem creeps
up to the top of the highest trunks, which are completely hidden by
the long horizontal branches of this creeper when covered with their
soft, rich foliage.

ID'J I'LANT MKK (»K AI-.\HA.M\.

Cihir hiiiiunorl-s. ( )ii llic liiu-llcsl s\vrll> (if llic lilaili wlici-c tllC
>lr:il:i i>r tlif idtlni liiiiotoiir :irc <t\ t'rl:ii<l l>v liiililtT l<>:iiiis poorer in
liiMiiii>, (U'cj), and of iM'rf('«( <li:iin:iL:f. fonsls |»rt\:iil of a niixrd-l rcc
oTowtli. consist ini;" <»f tlir followini^^:

Fnu-inii)' iiiniriraiKi ( white ash). Vlinnn amirininn (wliite ehii).

Qutrriis Itiiiri/oriu (hiurel oak). Am- mrrliiirniii /«//•/«//((/// (small-leaf su>.'ar

Cilli^ inisKi.sxip/iiiiiKis ( hackherry) . maple).

(Jill rrux ti.rdiiii (Southern re.l oak I . .Iinii/xrns rin/iiiiniiu (reil <'e<lar).

Ofioinally tlic fed cedar foi-nicd alioiil :'>(» pci- cent of the tinihcr
oi-owtli. 'I'lu' oTound iK'iiciitli is dcnscU- shaded l)\- the foUowino-;

Axiuiiiia trilnliii (pawjiaw). Zniillio.riilnin rlaiu-lirrriili.^ (Southern

Ilcr (leckliui (lU-eiduous holly) . prickly ash).

Adelin li(fu.i(riii<t (Southern privet).

Tht' red cedar of these foi-ests is of most \iu()7-()us orowth. the
smooth trunk free of lind) for a hoij^ht of from oO to;")!) feet and from
10 to 20 inches and oxer in diameter, and less iiHected l»y decay than
in the northern jjart of tlie Stiite. These cedar hammocks once
formed detached tracts extendine- over many sqmii-e mih\s. At
present only a few remnants of ihvAu are left, and these are doomed
to speedy destruction ])y the drafts made upon theii- valuable timber
and throuu-h the injuries constantly iidlicted ui)on the younj^ u-rowth
])y live stock.

MESOI'IIILK irEUB.XCKOrS PL.WT .\SS(XIATIOXS.

Ill the shade of these forests, as o})served on the banks of Big Prairie
Creek, the herl)aceous plant associations are poorly represented by
mesophile six'cies more or less conunon throuo-hout the Carolinian
area. Some of the spticies are:

Adlcea vrdcaefolia. Vinretoxiciun laeve.

Impadeiix I>iHor<i. Tirpocdrjiiix iieihusae.

TluiKpiiun (iiirruin. Diiirli'ii mil It [flora.

Vhicetoxiciivi {(/()))i)lol»i.t) li'indiinm.

The Tr<'p<>c<ii']>H.^ is frecpKMit in eastern Texas, l)ut has heretofore
been known in the eastern Gulf States oidy as a fugitive on ballast in
several localities. The Dioclea has been known from a few localities
in Georgia, and especially along the Tjuxa])allila River, near Columbus,
Miss., and is alnuuhmt in the bottoms of the Mississippi and Yazoo
deltas.

dnuhi'iil-ex. — The most i)rominent feature in the vegetation of this
region consists of the extensive tracts of cane, arborescent grasses of
the bamboo tribe, which prevail throughout the depression of the plain.
The large cane {AnindlmiTin macTOHperina) iidiabits the alluvial bot-
toms more or less submerged for the greater i)art of the year, and the
small or switch cane {A. tecta) prevails in ihe open as well as in the

HABITS OF THE LARGE AND THE SMALL CANE. 103

forest on the low plains which rise above the water courses and are
subject to overflow onh^ at the time of high freshets. So conspicuous
was this formation in the western part of the plain that it is called
emphatically the '"'canebrake region." At present a comparatively
small representation of the smaller cane remains. It occupied the
most fertile lands, and these were claimed for the plow b}'' the earliest
settlers. Although the growth was so dense as to be almost impene-
trable, it was easily eradicated, being susceptible to the efl:'ects of fire.
The strips of the large cane which lined the banks of the larger
streams subject to frequent overflow have for the most part remained
intact. These two species, which resemble each other so closely in
habit, differ greatl}^ in their modes of reproduction, a subject of much
interest of which but little is as yet known and one which invites the
attention of the investigator of the ecological relations of plants, and
no less that of the agriculturist, on account of the value of the canes
as pasture plants. Anindmaria tecta rarely exceeds the height of 12
to 15 feet, and the slender culm branched from the base is seldom half
an inch in thickness. Early in spring, apparentl}" every three or four
years, the paniculate flowers are produced on naked radical shoots
scarcely exceeding 18 inches in height, while the tall flowerless canes
are sent up every season from the long creeping rhizomes. Arutidi-
naria riiacrospenna^ from 15 to 30 feet high and frequently an inch
and over in diameter, produces the panicles of its flowers in the axils
of the branches at long and indefinite intervals of time. It is evident,
therefore, that generations may pass by l)efore the spectacle of such a
canebrake in bloom i.s evei" witnessed. For example, in the beginning
of the summer of 1890 the inhabitants of Russell County were aston-
ished suddenly to find the large canebrakes bending under the burden
of their heavy, nutritious grains, which attracted large numbers of
birds and beasts. The farmers regarded this as an entirely new plant,
and, finding their stock grew fat upon the seed, stored away quanti-
ties of it, not onl}' for future feeding, but under the delusion that if
sown it would constitute a crop of small grain equal in value to any
previously grown. But in the light of experience it is to be presumed
that a period of not less than forty to fifty j^ears has to pass before the
propagation of this plant by sexual reproduction takes place. With
the maturity of the seed the vitality of the plant is exhausted and the
cane decays. In the succeeding season, from the spontaneous stocking
of the ground with an abundance of seed, a new crop springs up.
The seedlings produce no branches during the first 3"ear. These
simple sprouts, which are known as "'mutton cane," are tender and
sweet and afford the best of pasturage. They are particularly sought
after by bears, which find in the impenetrable deusit}" of the canebrake
their securest retreats.

104 PLANT T.IKK oK ALABAMA,

t A.MI'RSTKIAN I'l.ANT AKSOCI ATIONS.

Huhi jtntii'its. '\\\v ciiiinciiccs of llic lower swells of the phiin with
the strata of the liineslone near the sui-face and destitute, of ar))oreal
growth are called hald prairies. Win re\ er the soil is not too shallow
to he cultivat^^d, these op(Mi })i-airie lands are devoted to the i)rodu<'-
tion of ctjrn, oats, or forage crops, and oidy the poorest spots remain
in the original state. These hald prairies can he regarded as the true
home of the original camp(\strian flora, wiiicli is peculiai" to a calcare-
ous soil rich in hunuis and with a sunny I'xposure. Many of its typos
are hold in connnon with the plant associations prevalent on the grassy
timhorle.ss plains of eastern North America. Those ty])os have spread
all over the crot^icoous depression wherever the forest has heen
removed, and find I'ofuge also on the herders of fields and woods, and
in waste places and a])andoned grounds. Of grasses the following are
most common in the open, except the last two, which prefer sheltered
borders:

Paspaluiii kteve.^ Eragroatis capillariit.^

Paspalum distlchum. Eragrostis refrarla.^

Panicum flexile. ' Eragrostis purxh il. '

Panlcum antuvmale.^ Poa compreifm.^

Aiidrupogon furcalu.s. ' Elymus virginicuH. '

SiegUngla seslerioides.^ Broinus unioloides.

Bouteloua curtipendtda.^ l^niola latifoUu.

The following introduced and advcntive weeds invade cultivated
grounds, the last two named ineradicable and seriously iniurious to
the crops:

Paspalum dUatatwn. Surghutn hnleperm'.

Eleusine indica.^ Cypeni>t ml and as.

Sorghum sativum.

Associated with the grasses are the following species widely distrib-
uted in the open of the Carolinian area:

Hypericum sphaerocarpum.^ Verbena anguslifolia.^

Kuhnistera Candida.^ Verbena canadensis {V. aubfe(ia).^

Kuhnistera purpurea.^ Eupatoriiun altissimum (rare).^

Acuan illinoensis.^ Euputorium serotinum.^

Cassia multipinnata.^ Silphium ladniatum.^

Polygala mariana.^ Siiphium, scaberrirnum.^

Limun siUcatitm.^ Siiphium trifoUatuni.^

Euphorbia diclyosperma.^ Hrauneria pallida.^

Onagra biennis.^ Rndbeckia trilobata.^

Gaura michauxii.^ Helianthus hirsutus.^

Polytaenia nuttallii.^ Helianthus divaricatus.^

Asclepias obovata.^ Coreoptsis lanceolata.^

Asclepiodora viridis. Lepachys pinnata. '

Heliotropium tenellum. Mesadenia plantaginifolia.^
Myosotis vema.

^ Also found north of the Central Pine belt.

AGRICULTURE OF CENTRAL PRAIRIE REGION. 105

Of other herbaceous plants belonging to the same campestrian asso-
ciation and conlined to the Louisianian area are to be mentioned
Poly gala hoykinU and Xylopleuruin speclosiun^ conspicuous on account
of their large flowers of bright rose color, common on the prairies of
central Texas, southern Arkansas, and northwestern Louisiana and
appearing to be indigenous in Alal^ama, and GaiUardla 'pulchella^
Rudheckia amplexicaulis^ and Monarda citriodm'a^ of the same distri-
bution but less frequent here, and perhaps adventive by the seed hav-
ing come with the seed oats frequently brought from central Texas.

Sand hills near Montgomery. — A peculiar association of xerophile
herbs, remarkable for the occurrence of types not observed elsewhere
in the State, is found on the hills with a loam}', sandy soil, rising
above the cypress swamps on the eastern banks of the Alabama River
near the city of Montgomery. At the base of the hills occur:

Oi7'duus elliottii. Tsopappus divaricatus.

Cnicus benedictus (naturalized from Tragia urticaefolia.

Europe) .

The sides of the hills are covered with xerophile grasses:

Aristida dichotoma. Panicum cognatum.

Eragrostis capillaris. Panicum flexile.
Eragrostis refracta.

The grass is studded with :

Aster undulatus. AUionia hirsuia.

Aster- patens. SUene ovaia.

Kahida eupatoHoides.

The northern Kuhnia is extreme!}^ rare in the State. AUionia
hirsuta is at home in the prairies of the West from Minnesota to
Texas. SUene ovata is found in the exposed ravines of these hills.
It is also found in the Cumberland highlands of Tennessee, and is dis-
tributed somewhat widely in the mountains of the Carolinas and
Georgia.

CULTURAL PLANT FORMATIONS.

This region constitutes the great agricultural region of the State,
celebrated for its large production of cotton. With the decline in the
price of this staple crop during late years greater attention has been
given to the growing of breadstuft's and forage crops. Broad fields
of Indian corn and oats are seen on every hand; and since an increased
interest is taken in the raising of stock, the old fields exhausted by
the continuous practice of the one-crop system are either being con-
verted into wide pastures of Bermuda grass ( Caprlola dactylon) or, to
hasten their recuperation, are planted in white melilot {MelUokis alha).,
known in these parts as Bokhara clover, which, like red clover, as an
ameliorating forage crop for hay and for pasture, has proved of the
greatest benefit on the exhausted calcareous prairie lands. In the
beginning of the new era in the agriculture of the South, Sorghum
halepetise was extensively raised as a perennial hay crop. After it was

KX) PLANT LIKK oK ALABAMA.

t"()iui(l. how t'vci'. thai in lhi>|)l:iiil an ahii()>l inrraflicabh' jx-stircroiis
weed had lifcii iiit iixhiccd, its cult i\ at ion was rcstricU'd 1<» h)W,
uii<lraint'd tiacts. unlit for dthcf ciMps. Althout^li jx'iichcs, phmis,
pears, the Til:, and j^rapcs succeed on the ri(l«res, the cultivutioii of
these fruits is much neelected. and (h»e-- not sui)|)l\ e\('n a small pait
of tlic home demand.

MAKITIMK I'INK l{K<;i()N.

The t^i'eat hell of lon«(-U'iif pine forest, whicii extends almost w ithout
interrvi})ti()n from soutln'astern Virginia over the eoast rejjion of the
Atlantic States to tlie h)wlands of the Mississippi Rix'ei'. adjoins on its
southern border the C-entrul l*rairie helt.

II'HKK DIVISION (>!•■ TIIK COAST I'lXK Hi:i/I' oK UK(iIi)N oF MIXKl) IKIvK (JKoWTII.

I*]iijKi(Ki rujiliiciil frutnnx. — In tl»e upp<'r part of this ))ine belt, from
South Carolina to eastei'ii Mississippi, a mixed orowth of pine and
l)road-leaved evero-reen trees altei-nates with Indts or rather strips of
pure long-h>af pine forest. In Alabama this region of cone-bearing
and broad-leaved evergreen and deciduous trees is eontined within the
limits of the older Tertiary strata, which in this Statecover about one-
half of the area of the Coast Pine belt, although the beds of drifted
sands and gravels of a more reeent formation overlie the older rocks
in larg(^ areas. In its climatic conditions this region differs ])ut slightly
from the foregoing. Its floral chai'acter is difiicult to define. Broadly
stated, it consists in the increased frequency'' of types which are at home
in the Louisianian aiM^i, and in distinction fi'om regions farther north, of
a tree growth in which, though otherwise similar, the long-leaf pine in
its highest development predominates. Equallj^ difficult is the estab-
lishment of the limits of this floral region. It has been already men-
tioned that the tree growth in the eastern part of the Central Prairie
region is scarcely to l)e distinguished from the forest flora of this
region. Toward the west the border is more clearly outlined by the
hilly uplands of th(> lowest Tertiary strata rising above the Cretaceous
l)lain. The southern border of this region is frequenth'^ overlapped
l)y the pure forests of long-leaf pine of the lower division of the Coast
Pine belt, and it can be defined on stratigraphical grounds onlj' b}^
being identified with the lines which mark the most southern outcrops
of the imderlying Tertiary rocks. Defined on this basis the area in
question contains about 9,000 square miles, occupying the following
counties or portions of counties: Parts of Sumter; all or nearly all of
Choctaw, Clarke, Monroe, Butler, Conecuh; portions of Covington,
Montgomery, Bullock, Barbour, Pike, and nearly all of Coffee, Dale,
and Henry. Along its northern border where the lignitic strata pre-
vail the uplands rise to an elevation at the highest of about 400 feet
above tide water, spreading out into table-lands of greater or less

FORESTS OF UPPER DIVISION OF COAST PINE BELT. 107

width, not rarely interrupted by steep ridges where the lowest Terti-
ary strata offered greatest resistance to erosion. The highest ridges
are frequently capped with the sands and gravels of the Lafayette
formation, which are under cover of the long-leaf pine, as are likewise
the rugged hills of flinty clay stones and siliceous rocks of the buhr-
stone strata which traverse the central part of this region in a south-
easterly and northwesterly direction, sloping toward the east. East
of Patsaliga Creek the hills become less prominent, the softer strata of
the Eocene Tertiary spread out into undulating table-lands, and the
generous brown soil supports the mixed growth of xerophile and
mesophile wood}^ species, evergreen and deciduous, characteristic of
the region. Toward the south the surface becomes less broken. East
of the Alabama River the drifted deposits form broad table-lands
between the streams, occasionally inclosing more or less extensive
tracts with the calcareous strata of the Middle Tertiar}" for the surface
rock, ver}" similar in their soil and vegetation to the post-oak prairies
of the preceding region. In Dale Count}" and westward to the State
line beds of white sand (Ozark sands) overspread the loam}" sands and
gravels, rendering the soil arid and sterile.

West of the Alabama River, in the southern part of Clarke and
Choctaw counties, calcareous strata form the surface rock over large
areas identical in their soil conditions and the character of their vege-
tation with the isolated tracts farther east just mentioned.

Xerojjliile forests.- — The rocky ridges of the Buhrstone, or those
capped with the more recent drifted strata, are covered with magnifi-
cent forests of long-leaf pine which are nowhere surpassed in their
timber wealth within the range of this tree. This applies particularl}"
to the forests which cover the hills between the Alabama and Tom-
bigbee rivers. By careful estimates made upon a number of plots,
selected at random, the yield of a single acre will var}" from 10,000 to
18,000 feet and over of merchantal)le timber. In these forests, which
grow from a deep warm soil consisting of sandy loams, dogwood and
black jack form the scanty undergrowth. The rocky crests and most
abrupt declivities of the highest of these hills afford but a scanty foot-
hold to the pine. The rocky ground is sparingly covered by the fol-
lowing shrubs, all of them bushes, except the last, which is a creeper
branching from the base:

Vaccinium stamineum (deerberry) . Viburnum acerifoliwn (maple-leaved ar-

Gaylussacia dumosa (dwarf huckleberry) . rowwood) .

Vacdrduni myrsinites (bilberry) . Smilax honn-no.r forma pandurata (bam-

boo brier) .

Forests of long-leaf pine predominate wherever the older rocks are
deeply hidden under the sands and gravels, and where this region
passes imperceptibly into the pine uplands of the Lower Division of
the Maritime Pine belt. The herbaceous plant associations in these

108 IM.ANT LIFK <»K ALABAMA.

jtiiif tdiTsts (k) m)t (lillor lioni tliox' tOiiiiiiii:" the soil coxci- in the
ojii'ii pine foivsts of the udjoiiiinu' Lower I'iiic belt.

Xii'<>j>/i!li Jirrl><lrrni(.s J>hnif ((ssoclatlon . — 111 llic plirts A\ licrc tilt' rcjU'-
tion of til*' (It'coinposiiijjf linR'stoiic stnitii upon doi'u^'in^ vc^ctuhlc iiiiit-
t(M- lias produced soil coiidition.s similar to those which prevail in tiie
( 'ciitral l*i-airic rc«,non (w liicli includes the more or less calcareous lands
of thi' post oak prairies and cedar htunmocks), the plant associations
bear the same eampestrian character. In Monroe and Clarke counties
are found the same tall C'ompositae. tojrother with various j)lants of
other families, which are characteristic of that region. The following
species are examples:

JleUanthus iomaitosus. Lithospermum tuberosum.

Helianthus hirmttis. Fliacelia purshii.

^Silphiuin lacinkUum. Verbena canadensis.

SUphiuDi asperrhmun. Acuan {Denutanthus) brachycarpum.

/^Uphium Uievicaule. Morongia horridula.

Lepachys pinnata.

None of the above are met with farther south except the last two,
which extend to the coast plain. Of xerophile and mesophile plants
inhaliiting shaded rocky dells and banks, the following find here their
southern limit:

Hepatica hepatka. Panax quinquefolia.

Anemone decapelala. Collinsonia canadensis.

Ranumnlus recurvalus. Houstoniu caerulea.

On the damp rocks which line the narrow channels of brooks deeply
cut into the limestone strata, the maidenhair fern {Adiantum capillus-
vmerls) occupies every crevice. Toward the southern confines of the
region the following, which grow also in the adjoining region, are
found:

Sida elliottii. CUnopodium carolinianum.

Callirhoe papaver. Koellia albescens.

Scutellaria canescens punctata. Stokesia laevis.

On the limestone l)luffs inclosing the bed of the Alabama River, for
instance near Claiborne, Ulrca jxdustris, a shrub from the Alleghenian
area, finds in deeply shaded situations its extreme southern outpost.
Fhlladelphu-s hwdorux with Ptelea trifoUata and the river grape ( VUis
ripaHa) are also found on the bare ledges of these blutis on the oppo-
site sides of the river. In the southwestern part of this region where
the calcareous prairie soils are mixed with the light loams, the red
cedar once formed a large portion of the timber growth, making a
feature analogous to the cedar hammocks of the Central Prairie region.
The cedar hammocks of this region are at y^resent, however, nearly all
under cultivation, and the few still covered with cedar are rapidly being
stripped of tJieir valuable timber, mostly for use as pencil wood.

In the eastern extension of this region the loose Ozark sands form

FOEESTS OF LOWER HILLS AND LOWLANDS. 109

the arid surface soil, spreading over a large part of western Florida
and southern Georgia. These are covered by very open pine barrens,
and the latter are inhabited by a number of peculiar herbaceous species.
Most widely diffused and abundant are:

Aristida siricta. Koellia nuda.

Panicum xanthospermum. Ceranthera linifoliu.

Eriogonum. tomentosum. Chrysopsis hyssopifolia.

Coleosanthus cordatus. Eupaforium leptophyllum,.

Eupatorium torlifolium. Eupatorium coronopifolium.
Eupatorlum lecheaefolium.

Aristida stricta (wire grass) will be spoken of later as an inhabitant
of the Lower Pine belt. These and other species common to this
region and the dry pine barrens farther south form a scanty covering
for the barren sands.

Mesophile forests. — On the lower flanks of the ridges and on the
lower hills of the Central Pine region the short-leaf pine mingles with
the long-leaf species and with the frequently named upland oaks and
hickories, chinquapin {Castanea j^umUfi)-, and bass wood (7i7/a hetero-
phylla). As the declivities merge into the narrow valleys with a
fresher soil more retentive of moisture, mesophile species gradually
gain the upper hand. Representative trees are:

Magnolia foetida (magnolia). Pirn is glabra (Southern spruce pine) .

Magnolia maavphylia (large-leaf cucum- Quercus nigra (water oak) .

ber tree) . Quercus laurijolia (laurel oak) .
Fagus americana (beech) .

There is a variety of shrubs in the openings and along the borders
of the forest, among which are:

Styrax grandifolia (large-leaved storax A esculus pavi a {red hnckeye) .

bush) . I/ex longipes (holly) .

Illicium floridanum {sweet iWicium) . Butneria {Calycanthus) fiorida, (Carolina
AesaUus parviflora (white-flowered buck- allspice, lowland calycanthus) .

eye) . Chionanthus virginica (fringe tree) .

The first of these is frequent in the Louisianian area from North
Carolina to Louisiana. In these mesophile forests the same species of
the liana formation which prevail in the Central Prairie region are
equally frequent. To the small shrubby climbers are to be added
Clemath cateshaei^ rare from lower South Carolina to Florida and
known in Alabama only from the vicinit}^ of Suggsville, Clarke Count}';
C. reticulata^ infrequent from South Carolina to Texas; C. oris^pa^ fre-
quent on low, damp banks southward to the coast plain; and, finally, the
3'ellow jessamine (Gelsemium), in damp and dry situations throughout
the Maritime Pine belt.

Meso2yhile and paludial forests of the lowlands. — The lowlands of the
flood plain of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers and of their larger
tributaries are heavily timbered. Their first terrace, ov^erflowed only

110 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.

in t\\*- timos t>f tho heaviest freshets, is covered with a valuable bard-
wood timber growth of cow oak. Spanish oak. Texa-s or Southern
red «»ak. white :ish. honey locust, and mockernut hickory, destined to
furnish lar«:e .-upplies for the future. On the ahno>t pt'rixtually
submerjTpd l»nks of both of these rivers a fine tirnVK-r growth of Irald
♦ vpress frerjuently forms brakes of <onsiderable extent, occasionally
arromijanied f»y the tu|>'l«» j^uin.

It can \)f safely asserted that fully one-half of the area of this region

i.s under «ov«'r of the long-leaf pine, and that in their timber wealth

these forests surpa-^s by far the pine forests of the lower diWsion of

the Maritime Pine belt From estimates made in varioas districts it

- that fully «^.0<X» feet of merchantable timber can be with safety

1 as the average yield per acre.

JIe>>r/pM/e hertmceoHH plant (Ussociatiorvf. — The following herbaceoiLs
plants, extending hither from the mountain region, tind here their
southern limits:
f'nltimcarpum lijf/nL Frfutera carfAineron».

' Physali^ Virginian

Ariaaema dracvntiui/i.

Yinc^tor-ic'/m hil/hnhio, one of the rarest of Southern plants, else-
where known only from a few localities in middle Georgia and Texas,
and Tfujlicium cUhile are thas far known in Alabama only in this
region.

Ctdturfilphiritforrnotwn^. — In its cultural plant formations this region
differs but slightly from the next region. The rich hill prairies, cal-
f.-areoas uplands, formerly l>earing a mixed growth of pines and decidu-
ous trees, as well as the f>ottom lands, are for the most part devoted to
the cultivation of cotton. larger or smaller patches of tropical sugar
cane are cultivated on almost every farm. Corn, oats, and sweet
potatoes and other rrx)t crops are i*aised to supply the home demand.
Less attention is paid to the raising of forage crops, the cattle being
left to shift for themselves throughout the year among the hills. In
the northern part the peach is raised in perfection, ripening its fruit
from the middle of May to August. Grapes can be harvested in July
and August, and strawV>erries are marketed in the first weeks of ApriL
The lig also bears abundantly.

I/.'A-f:f' r,rvr-rf,\- of THE COAST PIXE BELT, OK LOWER REGION OF UJN'O-LEAF PINE.

Pfiyawgraphico-l f endures and climate.

Ah the Tertiary strata disappear under the heavy beds of sands and
gravels of more recent formations, the topography of the country
>>ecomes more uniform, the broad ridges spread out into slightlv
undulating table-lands, which become somewhat broken in their descent
to the drainage channels. The rolling pine uplands rise gradually to

CLIMATE OF LOWER DIVISIO^ST OF COAST PINE BELT.

Ill

a height of from l'20 to 300 feet above the tiat woods and marshes and
alluvial forests of the tide-watev region. Where the level table-h\nds,
devoid of surface drainage, are underlaid by impervious olavs, spongy
bogs surround the iieads of water courses. On the rolling uplands
with a porous siliceous soil the copious rainfall is readily absorbed,
giving rise to innumerable springs, the feeders of the numerous limpid
brooks and creeks by which this region is traversed. The area of the
lower pine region is estimated to embrace a little over 7,000 square
miles, including the following counties and parts of counties: Geneva,
part of Covington. Escambia, part of Monroe, ami all oi Baldwin,
Mobile, and AVashington.

Both the climate and topography oi this region exhibit great uni-
formity. Under the moderating influences of the proximity of the
sea, the climate is generally mild. According to the records of the
Mobile station of the United States Weather Bureau, extending over
a period of twenty-three years, the mean annual temperature for that
period was 66.9°, with the highest temperature 101 . observed in
July, lS8-t. and the lowest lU. in January, 1886.'

Mean inoiitldi/ tciupernture irith miu'ima atid mim7»a.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

.\pr.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Mean

o

50

78

n

,55
78
19

o

59
85
25

o
67
90
32

71

9S
Iti

o

80
IW

o
81
101
61

o

80
100

57

o
77
96
52

o
70

34

o

58
83
25

o
52

^raximum

79

20

Dafa of tempcraiure by seasons for period of twetitiHhrec years.

Winter.

Spring.

Smnnior,

Full.

o
52
79
11

66
OS

o
80
101
64

(>S

96

31

The latest killing frost for the juM-iod occurred .V]>iil I'l. 1884. The
average date of last frost in spring was Mar»ii 'JO. TJic :i\ (Mage date
of earliest frost in autumn was November i*(».

The following data were obtained from Mr. J. A. Barrv. observer
for the Weather Bureau at Mobile:

Jhila of rainfall aixl clouds.

'See footnote ', p. 26.

Annual.

Winter.

Spring.

Summer.

Full.

Rainfall

inches..

66
110

153
W2

14.6

36
31

19

32
37
27

19
23
47
40

13.6
82

33

24

W'l ri.ANT LIIK <>K AI.AMAMA.

7//' rnlllni/ pint ii/thind-s nr drif jmu hiimtis.

X< roji/ill, f<n'r.'<fx.- Oil tlic liills and liroad swells of the tal)l('-liinds
tlir l()iiir-lt>uf pinr roigns suproiiio. The iiif^li fon'st is almost bare
of uiuliTorowtii and its monotony is frrciucntiy unbroken for lonj^
distances, no otiier trees or shrubs appearinj,*- anionj^ the tail trunks of
the pine, wliicli spread their gnarled limbs at a heijrht of from 40 to
♦ ;.") feet above the onmnd. It is oidy in the aeeidontal openings of the
f()n>st that a second growth of the predominating species takes posses-
sion of the giound. which, if interfered with by human agency, is
rej)lace<l by l)lack jack and Spanish oaks, not rarely accompanied by the
dogwood (rW/v/'/.s- fforldi) and the ghmduhir smnmer havf {Crtitaegrts
cUij)tic(i). This last, which is a pretty tree from 20 to 25 feet high,
ranir*'"^ from South Carolina to Mississippi, and in Alabama appears to
be contined to this region.' On the sterile ridges deeply covered with
the mantle of loose white sands, which hide the sandy loams of the
La Fayette strata, the long-leaf pine becomes stunted and is more or
less replaced l)v the l)arren or turkey oak and l)lue jack, trees rather
below medium size, often dwarfed and scrubby; and among the latter
are dispersed —

Vaccinium siamineum. Gdijlussada cJnmo.vi.

Vnccinium myrsinilen. Asimina parvifora .

Vaccinium mijrsinites glaucum. Ceratiolo errcoideK.

The last of these shrubs, representing the Empetraceae, which gener-
ally inhabit the boreal zone, resembles in its foliage and habit a large
heather (Erica). It is truly characteristic of the arid pine ])arrens
from Florida and adjacent parts of Georgia to ^lississippi, and in
Alabama it reaches its northern limit of vegetation near the northern
border of the Maritime Pine belt. The pine forests are open, the
crowns of the trees scarcely touching one another. Ow4ng to the
poorly timbered ridges of scrubby oaks and the extensive swampy or
boggv Hats ecjually unfavorable to the development of a heavy timber
growth, the timber standing in the lower division of the Coast Pine
V)elt is considerably less in proportion to area than that found in the
upper division.

On the better class of pine lands the quality of the timber is scarcely
surpassed, as evinced by a close investigation of the timber resources
of the rolling pine uplands near Wallace, Escambia County, which
can be considered a tj^pical district.^

The forests of long-leaf pine of this Lower Pine region furnish prin-
cipally the enormous supplies of timber used by the sawmills situated
in the tide-water region of Alabama and western Florida, with Mobile

^ The specific character of this tree does not fully agree with the rather obscure
type and it may on nearer investigation prove distinct.

" Bulletin 16, Division of Forestry, TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, 1896, ]). 3S.

GRASSES OF ROLLING PINE UPLANDS. 113

and Pensacola for the chief points of export, and the}^ are also the
source of the resinous products which find their market at Mobile.
The depletion of their timber wealth with no heed given to their
maintenance, and their destruction by the barbarous methods prac-
ticed in the extraction of their resinous product, together with the
ravages of the fires which one season after another destroy the seedlings
and the youngest timber, and with the injuries inflicted by herds of
domestic animals which roam through these forests, not only are
exhausting their present resources, but will inevitably and within a
comparatively short time result in their extermination, notwithstand-
ing the fact that in no other region within the wide range of distribu-
tion of the long-leaf pine are the conditions more favorable for the
spontaneous reproduction of this most valuable timber tree.

Xeropkile herhaceom plant associations. — Thanks to the abundant
and evenly distributed rainfall, the floor of these open pine forests is
covered with a carpet of grasses and other herbs, mostly perennials,
which, under the mild climate of this zone, retains its verdure for the
greatest part of the year. The grasses vastly predominate in the
number of individuals, and in the diversity of forms they are scarcely
exceeded by the species of the pea and composite families. The great
bulk of the grasses consists of types of a Southern distribution, the
majority being confined to the Louisianian area. But a small number
reach the Carolinian area, and those only along the seacoast. The
following are noteworthy species:

Andropogon iener. Gymnopogon brevifoUus.

Paspalum setaceum. Chrysopogon nutans linnaeanus.

Paspalum floridanum .^ Chrysopogon elliottii.

Paspalum cUiatlfoUum } Paspalum plicatulum.

Panicum filiforme.^ Paspalum bifidum {P. racemulosum 'iiiutt) .

Panicum lanuginosum.^ Paspalum dasyphyllum.

Panicum pauciflorum .^ Paspalum difforme.

Panicum sphaerocarpon.^ Anthenantia villosa.

Panicum jnibescens. Panicum angustifolium.

Panicum angustifolium. Panicum neuranthum.

Aristida purpurascens. Panicum arenicola.

Andropogon argyraeus. Panicum nashianum.

Danihonia sericea. Aristida simplicifoUa.

Gymnopogon ambiguus. Aristida stricta.

Of the above species Gyinnopogon hrevifolius is a typical species of
the Louisianian area, characteristic of dry pine barrens from North
Carolina to eastern Texas, and Panicwni oieuranthum extends to the
West Indies. Ai'istida stricta., or wire-grass, is extremely abundant
in the coast region of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and the coun-
ties of Alabama east of the Perdido River, along the Florida State
line, known as the ''wire-grass counties," where on the loose white
Ozark sand it almost alone forms the grassy covering.

^ Carolinian area and northward.
15894 8

14

PLANT MFK <>l" .\LAI5AMA.

riic tdlliiwiiiLT :ii'i' <'t wide cniit iin'iilal ranjic rasl <it the Ivocky
Mduiitaiiis, cxtciuliii','' to tlic C'uroliMiiiii an-a, tlif liist Itciiiu- ll"' most
aliuiulaiit spt'cies of tlu' clrv pint* harrciis:

.\nihnpo()0)i siajitiriiui.^ Sjiuriiliu/ux liini/iJoliiiK.^

('Iiriixiijuii/ini (tiTiiaceiiJt.^ S/tDrolnihix mylri-tus.*

S/iDriihohi.i jiuimis. SjinriilKilns rat/I iiorllnnis.^

Tlif I'ollowinL;' rt'prc^ciitat i\('s ol' the ( '\ ptTacrac air t'oiiii(l aiiionj^
I lie xci'opliilc i»laiit associations, mostly of the Louisiaiiiaii area:

( ^i/perus mnrtindaUi.
( 'i/prriix retrafrnctm.'^
Jii/vchof^pora [p'aifii.
Ji!/)tchQspora intermedia.
Sderia riliata.

/Sdcria elliollii.
SlenophyUus cilicUiJ'ollnx.
Carex festucn cen . '
Carex muhlenhergii. '
Juncus torreyi}

Tho xerophile species of other families associated with these gluma-
ccous ])lants are for the laro-est part at homo in the Louisianian area.
Fully two-thirds of tho numerous Lej^uminosae and C'ompositae occur-
ring in this region are confined to that arosi. Omittinu' the common
spcM'ios of wide distribution, tho following-, named in tho succession of
their flowering, give character to the xerophilo horhacoous associations
of the rolling pine uplands. As the first harbingers of spring, appear
before and in the beginning of February:

Houston ia roiundifolia.
Epic/aea repcm.^

These are succeeded by:

Helianthemuin carolinianum.

Astragalus rillosus.

Ltiplnns diffusus.

Iris verna.

Cfirysogonum virginianum.^

Oxalis recurva.

Oralis Jillpes.^

Asryrum pitm Hum.

Pidox pilosa detonsa.

Phlox amoena.^

Lvpinus nuttallii.

Limodorum parvijlorum {Caloj>ogon

parviflorus Lindl.)
Chrosperma muscaetoxicum.^
Zygademis a ngustifolius.
Pentstemon hirsuius.^

During the summer months:

Buchnera elongaia.^
Physalis virginiana.'^
Erythrina herbacea.

Viola palmuta.^
Viola septemloba.'^

Gyrostachys {Spiranihes) praecox.^

Gyrostachys gracilis. '

Lachnocaulon anceps.'^

Asclepias humistrata {A. amplexicaulis

Michx.).
Asclepias michauxii.
Tetragonotheca helianthoides.^
Jatropha stinndosa.'^
Scutellaria pilosa.'^
Polygala nana.
Kneiffia linearis.'^
Stillingia sylvatica.'^
Schwalbea aviericana.^
Sabhatia angustifolia.'^
Helianthemum ramuliflorum.

Euphorbia coroUata anguslifolia.
Euphorbia floridana.
Zornia bracteata.

' Carolinian area and northward.

* Carolinian area.

HERBACEOUS FLORA OF ROLLING PINE UPLANDS.

115

Stylosanthes biflora Jiisj^idissima.
Galactia crecta {G. sessiUfolia) .
Euphorbia humistrata.^
Rhynchosia simjdicifolia. ^
Chrysobalanus obtusifolius.
Rhynchosia galactioides.
Croton jnmdatum.
Cracca S))iaIUi.
Cracca hif<j>iditlii.^
Cracca sj)lcafa Jieaiosa.
Cracca chrymphylla.
Psoralea canescens.
Galactia volubilis}
Galactia volubilis missisdppiensL'i.
Galactia floridana.
Lespedeza rcpens.^
Lespcdeza virginica.

Of the above Euphorhla fiorldana ranges from western Florida to
the Escambia River; Ceranthera linear [folia from lower Georgia
westward to the Tensas River, Baldwin Count}'; Bvdlia j>eduneuiata
from western Louisiana to the western edge of Alabama; Ckrysojysis
Ityssoplfolla from the arid sand hills of western Florida to the eastern
shore of Mobile Bay. In the autumn the dry pine barrens are adorned
with their richest floral displav, the forests being then brilliant with
the purple spikes of the blazing stars {Ladnarla)^ the Ijlue of asters
and salvia, the scarlet of Cllnopodiuvi coccineuni^ and the gold of
Chrysopsis and Solidago, not to mention others. The following are
the prevailing species:

Hibiscus actdeatus.
Koellia albescens.
Ceranthera linearifolia.
Dasystoma pedicularia.
Ruellia ciliosa humilis.
Ruellia 2>edunculata.
Verbena Carolina.
Vernonia graminifolia.
Chrysopsis graminifolia. ^
Chrysopsis hyssopifolia.
Coreopsis major.
Solidago odor a. ^
Sericocarpus bifoliatu.^. ^
Silphium asteriscus angustatuni.
Meibomia rotimdifolia. ^
Meihomia stricta.^

Ladnaria gracilis.
Lacinaria elegans.^
Ladnaria scariosa.^
Aster con color. ^
lonactis linariifolius. ^
Aster adnatus.
Aster patens tenuiculmis.
Trilisa odorutissbna.
Salvia azurea.
Clinopodium coccineum

cocdnea Gray) .
Chrysopsis trich oph ylla .
Solidago petiolaris.^

{Calamintha

Solidago pvberula jndrerulenta.

Afzelia cassinoides {Seymeria tenuifolia) .

Afzelia pectinata.

Kuhnistera pinnata.

Eupcdorium aromaticum . '

Eupatoriiun coronopifoUum .

Eupatorium leptox>hyllum.

Kuhnia kuhnia.

Helianlhus radula.

Lechea minor.^

Lechea tenuifolia.'^

Lechea villosa.^

Lechea leggettii.^

Clinopodium coccineiim, the scarlet basil, is a low undershrul) with
dazzling flame-colored flowers, ranging from the sandy ridges of west-
ern Florida to the dry hills which front the eastern shore of the
Mobile Bay and the coast plain near Mobile; also found in Mississippi.
Helianthuti radida is a truh' characteristic plant of these pine uplands.
The pinweeds {Lechea) are the homely n^presentatives of the Cistus
family.

^Also in Carolinian area.

■■'Also in Carolinian area and iiorthwani.

11(> PLANT LIFK OK ALAHAMA.

Plm-huri't II fJiifs (iitil I li/i/mji/n/fif jihinf iissocifif loii.'t,

'rowiiitl (lif iKirtlicrn limit of this ic^ioii the oldest sti-atu of the
Post-Trrtiarv (Nimk-ciic) \n'i\s of loose siiiids and coiiiiJact more or loss
aluminous clays ap])roacli of attain (lie surface. The higher swells of
the taltle lands covored liy the porous sands and <^ravels include level
tracts of l)adly drained Warrens underlaid l>y the older strata. Hooded
lifter every hea\y rain, drou»;hty during hot and dry weather. On
these flats C'ul>an pine is thinly scattered and here reaches its northern
limit of ve*i-etatioii. at a distance of about ()<► miles from the seashore.

Excepting the ink berry (/A./- glahni) scarcel}" any tree or shrub
shades the ground; but a small number of grasses find a place among
the coarse her])s forming the cover of the extremely poor soil of these
flats. The bulk of tlie herbaceous vegetation consists of a few abun-
dant mesophile species. The following are representatives species:

A ndropogon vir(jinicu.s. ' Sa bbatia dodecandra. '

Anthaenaniki rnfa. Ifelcnium hrerifolium.

Paffpahnn (jlahrnlitm. Rhe.iia mariana.^

Panicum pohfitnllu's.^ Rhexia ulrida.

Sabbatid aiiitpamdatd.^ Cunodonum seasUifollum.

There are also a number of paludial species with xerophile adapta-
tions; that is, they are provided with strong, deeply embedded root-
stocks to retain the needed supply of moisture during periods of hot
and dry weather, and Avith rigid l(>aves of greatly reduced surface to
prevent excessive transpiration. Among such plants may be men-
tioned species of Xyris and round rushes. In exposed shallow pools
and ditches Sagittarias {Sai/itta/'ia chajMicmi, S. ci/dojjfc/'d) having
rigid scapes and narrow stiff leaves are most frequent, the latter fre-
quently reduced to narrow phyllodia. On the base of the pine-clad
ridges ])ordering the flats ILdnnuirhi, cristata and Pxoralea siitvplex are
not infrequenth?^ observed, the spindle-shaped or top-shaped roots of
the latter deeply ))uried in the sand, where it is constantly moistened
by springs.

In many localities the decliviticN of the table-lands are perpetually
wet with the water which oozes from the porous silicious strata imme-
diately overlying the imper\ious clay, and the depressions inclosed
by them are frequently covered with a dense carpet of peat mosses,
interwoven with the long flliform ihizomes of beak rushes, spike
rushes, and one nut rush, the foUow'ing being species:

Sphagnum macrophyUum. Rynchospora rarifJora.

Sphagnum imbricatum cristulum.^ RynrhosjMra oligantha.

Sphagnum recurvum} Eleocharls ancularis.^

RynchoHporajntsilla. E/eocharis tuberculosa ^

Rynchospora plumosa. Scleria caroUniana.

' Found also in Carolinian area.

FOEESTS OF MOIST AND SWAMPY LANDS. 117

With these are associated creeping (.•hib moss {Lycopodium alopecu-
roides) and many species of the paludial plants found also on the flats
and in the swamps of the coast plain, including insectivorous sundews,
bladderworts, and pitcher plants. Characteristic species are:

Limodorum pallidum. Drosera fiUformis. ^

Loplnola aurea.^ Utricularia juncea.

Gyrotheca tinctona.^ Utricularia subulata.^

Juncus trigonocarpus. Sarracenia purpurea.^

Eriocaulon decangulare.^ Sarracenia psitlacina.

Drosera intermedial Sahhaiia mucropliylla.

The Sarracenias mentioned, which are the most prominent, rest their
rosettes of urn-shaped leaves on the water-soaked peat moss. Sarra-
cenia druimnondU and S. ruhra^ with their trumpet-shaped, erect
leaves, are alnindant on the black peaty soil which covers the undula-
tions where the impervious aluminous clays and compacted sands
prevail. In the middle of the spring these plants produce their one-
flowered scapes from stout rootstocks before the appearance of the
leaves. In midsummei", when the leaves have attained their full
growth, the boggy hillsides and depressions present to a superficial
view the aspect of meadows richly adorned wdth flowers of white and
roseate tints, imparted b}' the white, purple-veined tops of the leaves
of these sarracenias. The display of these colors serves to attract
insects, w^hich, entering the leaves in search of the sweets secreted
within, are entrapped, Avith no possibility of escape, and thus become
sources of nourishment to these plants.

Memphile and p(dudial fore^U. — Evergreens, nearly all of them
types of the Louisianian area, predominate in the tree growth which
shades the damp or wet, more or less «andy, banks of the numerous
streams rising in the maritime pine belt. Magnolia, white bay, and
oaks wdth entire, narrow, persistent or semipersistent leaves {Quercus
laurifolia^ Q. aquatica)^ ^\ih..Q,\\h^n pine, lobloll}^ pine, rarely short-
leaf pine, pond cvpress {Taxodiuin distichwm imhrlcaria), and "juni-
per" or white cedar {Chainaecyparis thyoides) largely prevail over the
deciduous black gum {IVyssa hiflora)^ red gum, and swamp maples.
Groves of the pond or upland cypress just mentioned — a variety closely
coimected with the type by intermediate forms — cover the shallow
pine-barren ponds and semiswampy woods of a poor, sandy soil desti-
tute of vegetable mold. This form of the cypress in the size and
quality of its wood is greatl}^ inferior to the typical cypress of the
alluvial swamps, and is at once recognized by the leaves, which are
closel}' appressed to the deciduous, annual shoots. By this peculiarity
of the foliage a check to excessive transpiration is provided during
the time of drought, when the sandy soil is laid bare to the sun and its
supply of W'ater is failing. The white cedar of the lower pine region
is met with most frequently in the sandy swamps around the head

118 PLANT LIFE t»K ALA15AMA.

NvatiM's of Pcrdido ;iii<l Ksc:iml)i:i rivers, ;m(l is tlicic in t'liil pcrfoction.
This (rcr Mttaiii^ :i liciLilit of from so to Itofcct. willi an average diame-
ter of from hi to is inelies; trees oxer 1^4 inches in diameter are raicly
seen. Beiii^i" niiieh soiioht tor on account of the \ aiiie of the timber,
sound trees are at present ficiiueiit ordy in I'emote i<icalities difficult
of access. Amonji" tiie tices of suiaUer size and the variety of shruhs
forminn" the dense undergrowth of these forests the evergreens also
predominate, of which the following sp<'cies are exampleis:

Cliftonia nwuiipIii/Ua. Myriat cerifeni.^

Ci/rllla r((rniiltlora. Myrica inodora.

Ilex myrt'ifoJhi. KuhnUi kttiJolUt}

Ilex lucUUi. Illichun florkhmum.
Ilex glabra.

Prominent by reason of their a))undance and their showy flowers are
PU-ris nitida and Leucothue a.L'illitrls with Oxydeudruin. arhorcum^ all
of the heath family; besides which may be mentioned:

BtUneria {Calycanthus) florkla. Viburnum nudum (opossum liaw).

Clethra alnifoUa. Viburnum nitidum (opossum haw) .

Mohrodendron {Ilalemi) dipterum (silver Viburnum molle (opossum liaw) .
bells) . Styrax jmlverulenta (storax bush) .

Mesqphile herbaceoiLS plant associations. — The herbaceous plant asso-
ciations in these raesophile woods are identical with those of the same
character prevailing in the upper division of the coast pine belt.
Frequent among them is 2[aci'antJtera fuchsioides^ conspicuous on
account of its profusion of large racemes of scarlet flowers, a coarse
biennial extending from western Georgia and eastern Florida into this
State and to the northern limit of the Louisianian area.

REGION OI' TIIE COAST PLAIN OR LOW FLAT PINE HARRENS.

Physiographical features. — On their descent to the coast plain the
rolling p'ne uplands disappear under the silt of sandy loams or merge
impercepti1)ly into the coast sands and the most recent lacustrine for-
mations which line the shore. The sandv loams form the second ter-
race of the lowlands of the coast, rising to a height of from 10 to 30
feet above the low flood plains and river l>ottoms, which are subject
to occasional oxerflow.

MesopJdle forests. — Open forests of long-leaf pine sparsely inter-
spersed with Cuban pin(> and loblolly pine once covered the plain.
After the removal of the original tim])er growth the long-leaf pine
was to a large extent superseded ))y the Cuban pine, groves of which
in every stage of development occupy the clearings. Upon these
clearings, made scarcely two-thirds of a century ago, Cuban pine has
alread}' attained the dimensions of useful timVjer, the trees averaging
from 18 to 21: inches in diameter, with a height of from 85 to 100 feet.
A number of trees felled upon one of these old clearings in the

' Found also in Carolinian area.

HERBACEOUS VEGETATION OF COAST PLAIN. 119

suburbs of Mobile furnished sticks of merchantable timber 30 to 40
feet in length, none of them having reached an age of over 60 years.
2fe><opJiile hephaceous plant associations {RyncJwspora formation). —
The terrace of sandy loams extends over the larger part of the coast
plain. The ground being almost perfectly level and underlaid by a
compact, somewhat 'impervious subsoil, is consequent!}- more or less
deficient in drainage, and being covered with a dense sod formed by
the roots and rhizomes of low, perennial monocotyledonous plants, the
ground remains damp and the decomposing vegetable matter, under
the influence of sun and wind, is converted into an acid humus, givino-
rise to a peaty soil. This damp, mucky soil, in a semiboggy condition
during seasons of rain, supports a vegetation of low, grass-like plants,
mostly of the sedge family or sour grasses {Cyperaceae) of various
genera, which in num])er vastly predominate over the true grasses
{Poaceae)^ rushes {Junc!)^ and golden-eyed grasses (Xyridaceae)^ which
find their home in the flat, damp pine barrens of the plain. Horn
rushes {Rynchosporae) largely prevail over the other representatives
of the sedge family, and numerous species of this extensive genus,
almost exclusively confined to eastern North America and the adjacent
tropical zones, make up the largest portion of the sod vegetation, thus
forming a more or less compact plant formation highl}' characteristic
of this region. Among the mesophile associations which inhabit the
scantily shaded, frequenth' open plain, with its sour, damp, shallow,
and during the rainy seasons more or less boggy soil, there is found in
many localities a tiny creeping peat moss {Sp^vagnum imbricatum) and
other short-stemmed species {S. compactwn., S. intermedium), which
are able to resist the eftects of occasional droughts. The following
Cyperaceae are typical, and predominate on the flat expanse of this
terrace of the plain:

Rynchospora jjhunom. Eynchospora divergens.

Rynchosporapusilla. Eynchospora niicrocarpa.

Eynchospora rnriflora. Eynchospora gracilenta.

Eynchospora inultiflora. Eynchospora cymosa globularls.

Eyncliospora cymosa.^ Eynchospora oligantha.^

Eynchospora ciHaris. Kobresia odorata.

Eynchospora haldwinii. Kobresia monocephahi.
Eynchospora chapmani.

With these are found the followdng rushes:

Juncus eUiottii. Juncus marginatus aristulatus.^

Juncus diffusissimus. Juncus bufonius fascicular is.

Juncus marginaius. ^

Grasses of the same region are — preferring the low flats with a more
damp, sandy soil:

Andropogon moJirii. Sieglingia poaeformv^.

Andropogon tetrastachyus. Manisuris corrugaia.

Paspalum praecox.

^ Found also in Carolinian area.

120

PLANT LIFK OF ALA HAM A.

Most fiTijiiciit on tlic low swells:

Sieyliiiijut cliiipiiKKii. Aii(lr(>pof/i)7i rinjiniruK (jJnucnx.

Chriisit])0(j()ii iiiitdiix liniKiiaiiiis. Androptxjoit rmjhiicnx ilrallxitun.

Aiulropdijoii I'lllultii. MuhlenhergUi (ricliojHxlcs.

Andn>jJO(/(J)i tcmr. f'dnlrum liiiiffi/ictliniculnlinii.

Aftor tho ifrouiid has liccii once turned hy the j)l<)W tiie <j;luinii('(>ou.S
plants which foriniMl the oriuinal sod (lisai)p('ar forever, the ground
hcino- taken possession ot" l>y ear})et erass {l*(tsj)id\(in (•(nuprc^KHtn)^ a
West Indian species most i)ro])al)ly introduced, and the creepinj^' lini^'cr-
^Ya.x>^{Si/)itheri'S//t'/ {/*(iii!ciiii() serotmum). Nearly all of the sundews,
sarracenias, j^ontians, and other species already mentioned amoiijr the
associations which inhabit the sphagnous bo^'s of the pine hills also
enter into the associations of this semi-paludial Rynchsopora formation.

Durino- the latter part of January the Cuban pine unfolds its
flowers, w'ith Barton la verna and Iloaxtoida jxiteihs^ and these are
succeeded bv the followino-:

Euphorbia inundata.
Ileknium vernum.
Helenium hcleninm.
Heleniu m inlcgrifolium.
Poh/gala lulea.^
Polygala polygama}
Limodoram multiflorum.

Chaptalia neniiflosctdaris.
Pinguicida lutea.
Pingi iiai la pumila .
Lupinus villosus.
JleUanthemum carolinimmm .
Drosera capillaris.
Drosera brevifolia.
Dronera JUifornds. *

The Pinguiculas mentioned are insectivorous plants common in the
pine flats from North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Euphorbia
inundata is known only from the coast of western Florida and as far
west as the eastern shore of the Mobile Bay near Point Clear.

Remarkable is the occurrence of Lirnodorum urmltifiorum in Mobile
County (Fowl River Station). This beautiful orchid is otherwise
known only from a few localities of peninsular and western Florida.
It was first described by Chapman from the southern i)art of Florida
and has been observed ])v the writer in the savannas near the upper
waters of the St. Johns River. During the sununer months bloom
L'lnmn fiorhhinniii^ Poly</<da cha pmani , P<>hj(/(d(( Iiookeri^ the latter
two extending from westei'n Florida to eastern Mississippi, and Zi/ga-
dcnux (/Jahcrruatis^ ranging from the pine flats of North Carolina to
Louisiana, together with the following:
Ilabenaria nivea. Centella stricta.

Cracca hispidula^ Sabbatia gentianoides.

Polygala cruciata} Pterocaulon undulainm {P. pycnostachyum

Jjudwigla hirlella.^ Ell.).

Liidwigia linearis.^ Dasystoma pedicularia.^

Enjngium aquaticum. Gerardia paupercula.

Eryngium synchaetum. Ascyrum stans.

Erynglum ovalifoUum. Ascyrum hypericoides.

Hydrocotyle verticillata. Hypericum spp.

' Found also in Carolinian area.

HAMMOCK LANDS OF COAST PLAIN. 121

The species of Ascyrum and H^^pericum constitute a characteristic
open formation of low shrubs or suffrutescent perennials in the depres-
sions surrounding- shallow ponds, most striking during the latter part
of the summer while covered with their golden-yellow flowers. Among
the earliest appears Hypei'lcuin, myrtifolmm^ followed by H. ojxicum^
and last by 11. asjxdathoides., the most abundant, forming large patches.
All are frequent from South Carolina to Mississippi. During the
autumn Compositae with their bright j^ellow flowers prevail — for
example:

Helianthus heterophyllus. Coreopsis angustifolia.

Chondrophora {Bigelov'm) nudata.^ Bidens coronata leptophylla.

Solidago stricta.^ Baldwinia uniflora.
Solidago angustifolia.

With these come azure-flowered lobelias, such as L. piihemda^ com-
mon from the coast of southern New Jersey to Louisiana and in the
southern Alleghanies, and L. hrevifolia., ranging from western Florida
to Louisiana, and Ruellia noctifloixi., rare on the coast of the Missis-
sippi Sound and sparsely scattered through the corresponding region
from Louisiana to Georgia and Florida, all more or less frequent in
the first pine barrens from North Carolina to Florida and the eastern
Gulf States — besides the following:

Eupatorium leptophyllum. Ladnaria gramimfolia pilosa.^

Eupatorium capiUifolium.^ Carphephorus pseudo-liatris.

Eupatorium linear if olium.^ Trilisa odoratissima.^

Eupatorium mohrii. Baldvrinia uniflora.

Eupatorium semiserraium.^ Gerardia sMnneriana.

Eupatorium pubescens. ^ Gerardia paupercula.

Eupatorium verbenaefoliurn.^ Gerardia aphylla.

Of ferns and their allies BotrycMum ohl/quimi is not rare on exposed
grassy knolls and banks, while Ophioglossum crotalophoroides with
Lycopodlam carolhiiannm^ preferring moister situations, are truly
t3'^pical plants of the coast plain.

Hammock laiids. — More or less extensive tracts of a black soil, gen-
erally well drained, rich in the decayed remains of former vegetations,
occur on this second terrace as it skirts the lower river swamps or the
low swamps of the tide-water regions. Constantly acted upon by the
multitudinous forms of lower animal and plant life — rainworms, snails,
centipedes, and a host of bacteria and saprophytic fungi — this soil has
become converted into a highly fertile mold, which supports the same
luxuriant and diversified vegetation of trees and shrubs, chiefly broad-
leaved evergreens, which characterizes the mesophile forests of the
Louisianian area generally, to which is added here the live oak, Quercm
virglniana., the most attractive and grandest feature in the flora of the
coast plain. This oak is a tree of the seacoast. It approaches, in a
high state of development, the Carolinian area near the northern limit

1 Found also in Carolinian area. ^ The vanilla plant, or deer tongue.

122 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.

of casttTii NOrtli ("iiioliiia :iihI extends wcstwaid ahm^'' llic (Julf coast
to ct'iitnil 'l\'.\us and norllicrn Mexico. In tlie(iult" States the live
oak is rarely found al)o\'e the thirty-tirst parallel of latitude. Of tlic
nia^nilicent j^ion cs which once lined the .shores of the Gulf and its
numerous inlets, hut few remain. Fi'om its native hammocks this tree
was transplanted to adorn and shade the abodes of the i-arliest settlers.
Trees planted about .seventy-five years ago, now f re(juently met with in
the suburbs of Mobile and at the older country seats, are from 2 to 3
feet in diameter and from <!0 to TO feet in height, their sturdy trunks
sending out massive horizontal limbs at a distance of from 10 to .some-
times 15 feet above the ground, their shade frequently covering an
area nearly 100 feet in diameter.

In these hammocks the magnolia attains its highest development, in
diameter rivaling the Cuban and loblolly pines, with which it is often
associated, and accompanied by the laurel oak, water oak, and beech,
all draped with the wreaths of Spanish moss.

Of small trees and shrubs occurring here may be enumerated:

OaiiKuiflais americanus (American olive, P;/ri(s anguslifoUa {?<outhern crab apple) .^

devil wood). Crat(iegu.s (tpiifolia (haw).'

Ilex vomitoria (yaupon).' Cndaegus viridis (haw).*

i/er opara (common holly).' CInonanthus nrginica (Northern fringe

Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle) .' tree) .'

Zanthoxylum dava-herculis (Southern Vaccinium arboreum {iarkleherry) .^

prickly ash) . Ilex caroliniana (holly) .

Pruiim umbellaia (prairie plum) . Ilex coriacea (holly).

The evergreen American olive, rarely seen among the pine hills,
occurs here frequently. The last two hollies are shrubs which,
together wuth the others mentioned, form a dense undergrowth.

Where the hammocks merge into the alluvial lands, the soil becom-
ing of a semi-swampy condition, the silver-bell tree {Mohrodendron
{IlalexHi) dipturmii) is found, most frecjuently with swamp dogwood
{CcyiTius stricta)^ interspersed with titi {C'liftouia iiLonoplujlla)^ leather-
wood {Oyrilla racemiflora), holly {flex cassine) and blue palmetto
{Sahal adansonll), evergreen fetter])ushes {Pieris nit Ida ^ Leiicothoe
axiUarls) forming the brushy soil cover. In the liana formation, Vltis
cinerea mostly takes the place of the smnmer grape, and Sagaretia
'//u'c/iau:ru\ which in the open and in dr}' soil is a straggling shrub
♦) to 8 feet high, and is not rare on the coast from South Carolina to
Florida and Mississippi, in these woods assumes the habit of a robust
climl)er, ascending trees of great height. The stout root clim])ers
Decumaria harhara and the Virginia creeper are common. The
American wistaria {Krauhnia fnitescens)^ with its compound racemes
of sky-blue flowers, adorns the lower borders of the hammocks, which
are further enlivened b}' the flame-colored flowers of the woodbine
{Lonicera sempei'vireTis)^ and, very early in the spring, by the golden

' Found also in the Carolinian area.

HAMMOCK LANDS AND PINE MEADOWS. 123

flowers of the 3^ellow jes^saniiiie {Gelsemiuia sempervirens)^ these fol-
lowed by the white bloom of the Cherokee rose.

The frequent vines of the l)ullace grape, Brunnichia, Cissus, and Smi-
lax, which entwine bushes and trees, add to the intricacy of the maze
of shrubbery on the low hammocks. In their deepest recesses Ejn-
dendrum conopseunh linds its home upon the limbs of old magnolias and
hoary live oaks, being the only epiphytic orchid in the southeastern
States outside of the narrow belt of the Antillean flora, skirting the
coast of southern Florida and of the adjacent islands, the so-called
Keys. Apteria setacea is strictly confined to the rich mold of the ham-
mocks. This leafless saprophyte, of a pale bluish color, grows in dense
clusters, its numerous contorted roots deeply buried in the ground.
It is also not rarely foiuid in Florida and southeastern Georgia. On
the shady borders of the hammock are found, flowering early in the
spring, NeuiophiJa inicroad yx and Amruiii arlfolium^ followed l)y the
Atamasco lily {Atamosco {Zej^hyrantJiex) atamasco) and hoary lupine
{Lupinus villosti-s), and in the summer months by the following:

Rhexia mariana.^ Panicum proUfei'um inflatum.

Rhexia lanceolata. Panicum rostratum}

Agrimonia incisa. Opl'is'menus hirtellus.

Amorpha glabra. Eragrostis glomeraia.

Sanicula canadensis.^ Carex hirsuta.^

Paspalum michauxianum. Car ex caroliniana.^

Paspalum ciliatifolium.^ Carex dehilis prolixa.

Paspalum praecox. Mellca mutica.^

Panicum viscidum.^ Panicum verrucosuvi.^

Panicum gihhum. Arundinaria iecfa.^
Panicum scabriusculurn.

We have here a mingling of mesophile and paludial t^^pes, all char-
acteristic of the hammocks, the last three having also a wider range.
Ferns are abundant in the damp shade. Dryoptei'ls patens, a cosmo-
politan species of suljtropical and tropical regions, is confined in our
territory almost exclusively to the hanmiocks. It is accompanied by
the more frequent Dryopferls acrosticholdes, Pterls aquilina (form near
to caudata), AspyJeniuin. j)! atyneui'on, W(H)dumrd!a((ngn.stlf(>l!a, and W.
virgmica,' the last in more moist situations. Lycopodiuiii eern mini is
remarkable as one of the few types extending from the tropics to the
coast of the Louisianian area which appears to be indigenous with us.
Where the terrace merges into the flats of the plain, the border of the
hammock becoming frequently wet, tall wool grasses {Eriaoithits hreoi-
haj'his, E. strictus, E. mccJi((roides), coarse l)eard grass {Andnpocion
glomeratuH), and royal fern ( Osniunda regalix) form conspicuous features
in the aspect of the vegetation.

Pine meadoics. — Approaching the seashore the terrace of loamy
silt passes imperceptibly into the flats of the purely siliceous coast
sands, through which the sluggish water courses, subject to the ebb

^ Found also in the Carolinian area.

l'J4 PLANT LIKK <>F ALAHAMA.

and tlow of llic tide, witul llicir wa\ to llic inlets of the (Julf. 'l'li«»
line sand forming' the siirl'aci' as well as llic subsoil is closely packed,
pcrmittinu" the water to penneatt^ but .slowly, and in consequence is
overtlowed alter e\ ci y rainfall. The great poverty of the soil is mani-
fest in the stunti'd irrowth of i)ines .scatt«>re(l over these flats and the
dwarfed cypre.ss and white cedar lining the .sandy l)aidvs of the .streams.
The surface is exsiccated during the dry summer sea.son, and supports
a scant V growth of poverty gras.ses, particularly Arisfithi i^plciforinw
\\.\\^ A. iHiJiixfi'ix^ and the toothache grass {('(impaloxius aromaticiui).,
with its stout aromatic rootstock deeply buried in the compacted
.sand, with which are found Sclei-la t(»Teya)ia and L'd'iuin catesbaei^
and, during the late autumnal rains, the rare Gyrostachys hrevifolia^
known also from western Florida.

Piihididl (irhnrmJ ass<)cl<(t!(»ix {cyprexn hrak<?.s). — The bottom lands of
the Mobile River and the islands in the delta, overflowed at every
freshet, are covered with a high forest of deciduous trees, common to
them and the lowlands of the .same character along the Tombigbeeand
Alal)ama rivers in theircour.se through the Louisianian area. Where
the l)anks aie almost perpetually submerged they are covered with
C3'press. This largest of the Atlantic forest trees was formerly found
in the upper part of the river delta in great perfection. The mighty
trunks rise to a total height of from 100 to 120 feet and over, with a
diameter, measured above the l)uttrcsses w^hich expand the ba.ses, of from
3 to over 5 feet. The annual rings of grow'th are extremely narrow
and diflacult to count. On close investigation the age of full-grown
trees can be estimated to var}" betw'een 300 and 500 years. They are
the sole survivors in this part of the North American continent of an
archaic t^pe. The assemblage of these monarchs of the forest in the
compact cypress brak(\ surrounded b^^ the peculiar cone-shaped
excrescences (cypress knees) rising from their roots 1 to 2 feet and more
above the dark unruffled surface of the water, presents a feature in
the ar})oreal flora of the present at once strange and iniposing. As a
result of the large demand for their valuable tim])er, the resources of
these brakes in the delta and on the lower Alabama and Tombigbee
rivers have been almost exhausted, and in this district the manufac-
ture of cypress lum])er has at present nearly ceased. The supplies of
this timber nee Jed for the manufacture of C3'press shingles at Mobile
are at present mo.stly drawn from the more remote brakes on the
rivers named and their principal tributaries along their lower course.
In these brakes the tupelo gum (Ay.v.sffl aquatica) is the only associate
of the cypress, which it rivals in size, and the Carolina swamp ash is
the only tree of small size thriving in the gloomy shade beneath these
trees.

In the mire of the swamps above the level of long-continued overflows
a variet}" of hard-Avood trees mingle with the cypress and Anally super-

FOKESTS OF MOIST AND SWAMPY PINE BARRENS. 125

sede it on ground slightly above the ordinary water level. Black gum,
water oak, water hickor}', green ash, more rarely Southern red oak,
elm, black cottonwood, and overcup oak of rather stunted growth
form the high forest overshadowing the smaller trees, of which the
most conspicuous are planer tree, red maple, hornbeam, Crataegus
viridis^ C. elliptica^ and the apple haw { Crataegus aestivalis). This
haw was observed on the Hooded banks of Davids Lake, a large inlet
of Mobile River, with a slender stem fulh^ 30 feet high. It unfolds
its flowers during the first days of spring (early in February) and ripens
its highly palatable, fine-flavored fruit in the beginning of April. Sty-
rax amerlcana., Osmmithusamericanus., Ilex decidua ., Ilex lo?igij?es, 'parsley
haw ( Crataegus apiifolia) form the shrubby undergrowth. The hand-
some silverbells, the dahoon holly, and the swamp dogwood occupy
the drier outskirts of these swamps. In their intei'ior the blue palmetto
reaches its perfection, the trunk rising from 2 to 3 feet above the
ground, the fan-shaped leaves with their stalks 8 to 10 feet long.
Black willow and cottonwood cover the recent alluvium. But a small
number of paludial plants are found in the depths of these swamps, viz:

Onoclea seuKibilis.^ Peltandra virgmicd.^

Osmunda regalls.^ Hymenocallis occidentalis.^

Woodwardia virginica. '

In the openings the shallow pools are filled with —

Carex slipata maxima. Homalocenchrus virginicus.^

Carex vulpinoidea} Polygonum jxyrtoricense.

Homalocoirhrus oryzokles.^ Saururus eernuus (lizard's tail).'

Add to these, where the shade is deep, Azolla caroliniana and a fine
Riccia in circular tufts w^hich float on the surface. On the ground
above the overflow are found —

Cyperus dissitiflonis, Sabbatia calycina,^

Panicum gymnocarpum, Bidens mvolucrata, ^

Gyrostachys odorata,^ Erianthus strictus,
Hypericum nudiflorum,

the last on the exposed borders of the pools.

Paludial and rnesoplule forests of the pine harrens. — Descending
from the rolling hills to the flats of the coast plain the pine-barren
streams overflow their low Ixmks of shifting sands and gravel. In
general the tree covering remains unaltered. When the soil is more
deeply submerged, the pond cypress and white cedar prevail over the
white bay, magnolias, etc., and where the water is more shallow and
the ground less oozy Osmantkus amerlcanus., Myrlca inodora., and Ilex
caroliniana are more frequent than among the hills. The miry spaces
between the roots of the trees, which in these wooded shallow swamps
run partially above the ground, are filled with peat mosses and the
moss-like tufts of Mayaca aiMetii and studded with coarse ferns —
Osmunda cimiainomea., O. regalis^ Woodwardia angustifolia^ and W.

^ Found also in the Carolinian area.

I'JC) TLA NT I. IKK «»K A LA MA MA.

riiylnlcd. A host of ( '\ |)t'i:icc:ii' thrive in the >h:i(lt' of these swaiiips,

as —

Kh'orftarix tiihirculnsii.^ Cttrcx IcjjIiiIki.^

K/foiliiirin (ir'u'iiliiris. Carcx Klrrilis.*

Jihi/iichosjiora iiiilldccd. Carrx fxtileyi.

Iiliiliiclio.ij>orti </.r(7/ffw.' Carer intionesreits.^

Jiln/u<-}wxpur(ifaxcirul(iris. Care.c follirnlaid (inxIrdHn.

Wnjuchospora gracilctild.^ Carex elliottil.

Ditlicltlnin annnVinnrniiii} Carex turgi'sccns.

Carex allaiiiiai.^

With these jrrow —

I'liigiiieula phmifolht, Hahenaria repens,

Barlonia rlrginica,^ Hahenaria hlrpharigloUw,^

Hahenaria clareUala,^ Hahenaria crixtata,^

trill}' chanicteri.stic for these tree-clad pine-barreii swamps, prefer-
ring their open borders. Here also are found —

Hypericum fasciculatnin . Pogonia divaricata.^

Jihexia ciliosa. ' - Isfer jiahuloma.

Limodornm tuherosum. Aster purpuraliis.
Pogonia ophioglossoide.^. '

Arundinaria tecta^ formerly abundant in these swamjn- woods and
in the hammocks, is now greatly reduccnl l>y the coiitiniuMl l)rowsing
of cattle.

Ilydrophytic herhaceous jT'^d'^t association.'^. — One group of these
belong to the open pine-barren swamps and ponds with a sour oozy
soil filling the frequent depressions in the coast plain. In the stag-
nant water of the ponds flourish —

CasiaUa odorata. Potamogelon diversijollns.

Brasenia peltata. Ulricularia inflata.

Limnanthemum lacunosum. Spirodela polyrhiza.

Cabomba caroliniana. Lemna minor.

Nymphaea advena. Lemna (risulca.

With Castalia odorata occurs its variety with rose-purplish floAvers.
These all, with floating stems and leaves, form with FAtochori^ inter-
stlncta., E. nmtata., and E. cellulosa a mingling of the Hydrocharidian
and Limneean classes of hydrophytes. To the latter belong also the
following types Avhich inhabit the shallower pools and ditches and root
in loamy silt free from peat:

Sagittaria mohni. EleochaHs vivipara.

SagiUaria platyphylla. Eleocharis camptotricha.

Sagittaria chapmani. Oyperus compressus.

Utricidaria gibha. Cyperus liaspan.

Ulricularia biflora. Juncus repens.

The following prefer the boggy borders of such pools:

Tillaea simpUx. Eryngiu rn ptrostratu m .

Oldenlandia boscii. Eryngium oralifolium.

Oldenlandia littoralis. Pluchea foetida.

^ Found also in the Carolinian area.

FLOKA OF PINE BARREN BOGS AND WATERS. 127

The same associations of Sarracenias, sundews, pipeworts, orchids,
and Dichromenas which characterize the bogs of the uplands prevail
in the boggy marshes of the plain. In the surrounding mire a number
of marsh plants occur which are wanting, or are very rare, in the
boggy hills. Of such the following are abundant all over this area:
Li/cupodiiun alopccuroides adpressum. Ci/perus riren-'^.

Manisuris nigosa. Qypenis haspan.

Paspalum praecox. Xyris communis.

Paspalam membranaceum. Xyris Jimbriata.

Panicuin stenodes. Xyns serotina.

Scleria torreyana. Xyris anihigua.

Fuirena squarrosa hispida. Rhexia strlcta.

Fuirena squarrosa breviseta Lobelia paludosa.

Oyperus nuttallii. Tofieldia racemosa.

The main channel of the gently flowing pine-barren streams is
inhabited by a number of floating hydrophytes. Of the lower orders
of plants £atra(jhosj)ermwn sp., with dark-green moniliform floating
thallus over 1 foot in length, attaches its roots to logs and submerged
roots of trees, associated with the large fronds of a water moss {Fonti-
nalls distichd). Of flowering plants, occur in these waters: IlydrocMoa
'fiultmis^ its long, floating stems in dense tufts frequently filling the
bed of the streams; Nuphar sagittifolia^ Utricularia purpurea^ the
golden club, Orontlum aquat'icwrn^ and Scirpvs cylindricxis.

The still waters of the estuary of Mobile River and of the larger
streams emptjdng into the upper part of the bay, fresh, except at
long intervals, when it is slightly brackish, harbor a number of sub-
merged species, forming in their dense mass subaquatic meadows, the
feeding grounds of large flocks of waterfowl. The thread-like,
many-branched stems of NiteUa acuminata var. and a short-stemmed
species of the same genus, growing in dense tufts, form the floor of
this limnsean^ vegetation, which is then made up of the following,
which open their flowers above or below the water:

Zannichellia palustris. Potamogeton lonckites.

Ruppia maritima. Potamogeton perfoliatu^.

Ceratopkyllum demersum. Myriophyllum laxum.

Potamogeton crispus. Utricularia vulgaris.

Potamogeton jnisillus. Batrachium divaricatum.

Potamogeton hybridus. Sagittaria filiformis (rare).

Nelumho lutea also appears, though but rarel3^ ValUsneria spiralu
and the rarer Philotria ( Udora) canadensh^ remarkable in their mode
of fertilization, are also frequently associated with the above.

Other hydrophytic herbaceous associations have their seat in the
open river marshes. The islands in the lower part of the delta and
the low banks of the streams in the tide- water region are covered with
deep and extensive open marshes, the soft silt of which, rich in humus,
supports an association of paludial plants (halophytes), which take root

^ Hydrophytic class of Enalids or sea-grass vegetation of Wanning.

128 PLANT LIKE OK ALAHAMA.

lii'inly ill the soil, their mostly strono;. iiitciiiuiii;^' I'hi/.oiiics foniiinji^a
dense sod, resist iii<^- the action of waves and winds. Keed-Iike trrasses,
lartre ruslies. and tall ninlielliferous plants are the most conspicuous
features of this association. Species are—

PhraginUen rnnniiinili^. S('ir})itM laninlrix.

S}i(irli)i(t pnliistitchi/ii. Srirpus nhirifl.

Sjxniluii ci/iiOKiiroideK. Srlrjms JlnrintillK.

Ziznnhi a<jiiatira. ('IndUun fffii»um.

Ziznniojhti.t inilioccd. Ci/pi'ru.s arllcnlaluM.

J'aulciiin rirffdtx))!. Cinita mncitlnfa.

I'dtiicuD) (Ugitarioidcs. Oxypolix ttrrtifoUn.

Ti/pJid liitifolla. Sium cicutaefolinm .

Z!z<nilo aqiKifica^ Scirpuf< Iac((Kfi'l!<^ and Ti/j>}i(i I at f folia iire among'
the lirst to gain a tirni hold on the nmddy shoals, constantly formed by
the deposits of silt with which the turbid waters are charged. The
followiiiii- plants constitute the lower and closer covering of the soil:

Cyperas er^/throrhizos. Carex alata.

Cyperus xtrigosits. Homalocenchrus hexandrus.

Cifperiift Ktenolepis. Andropogon glomeratu,'t gfoiiro}>s'ts.

Cyperus speciosus. Rynchonpora crnhica.

Carex lurida. Bynchospora corniculcUa.

Carex alboliUescens.

Among other paludial plants which adorn the rt^ed marshes are:

Ipomoea sagittata, Vernonia giganteo,

Mesadenia lanceolata, Sagittnrict falcaia lavceolata,

Kosteletzkya virginica, Sagittaria montevidensis,

BoUonia diffusa, Sagittaria viscosa (rare) ,

plants characteristic of such marshes from North Carolina to Louis-
iana. With these grow also —

Lythrum lineare, Echinodorus rndicans,

Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria latifolia,

Rumex altisdmus,

of frequent occurrence as far as the northern limit of the Carolinian
area; and Solidago sempervirenH ranging from the coast of Nova Scotia
southward. The Sagittarias often occupy considerable tracts almost
exclusively. The dark waters of ditches and shallow pools at the out-
skirts of these marshes are filled with the iioating stems of Jusstaea
difftisa and })ordered by —

HydroaAyle ranimculoides. Ptilirtminni capillaceum.

Hydrocotyle verticillata. Aeschynoraene virginica.

Ranunculus sceleratus.

Eleocharls montana^ with its densely matted rhizomes, forms wide
patches of shining bright green, rarely accompanied by ElcocJuiris
palustris. Trtglochin striata^ Juiwus scirpoide^'<^ and ./ polycepJiahLS
are scattered through the marsh, and Vlgna glahra and Wlllughhya
sccmdeihs intertwine their stems among the grasses and sedges lining
the muddy banks. Sesbaiila /iiacrocarpa and Glottidium floridanum

VEGETATION OF LITTOEAL BELT. 129

occupy almost alone the alluvial banks bordering the swamps, covered
with the debris left behind after every overflow.

LITTORAL BELT.

This division of the coast plain comprises the outlying islands and
the narrow strip under the influence of the salty tide. Either sand}^
or marshy, this Littoral belt presents three distinct formations in its
flora: (1) The plant formation of the strand or sandy flat beach, with
its shingle and salty pools; (2) the plant formation of arid drifting
sands, (3) and lastly the salt marsh.

Hal'Ophytic 2)l(int associations of the strand. — The strand or sandy flat
beach, of moderate extent, as found in Baldwin County, washed by
the more or less brackish water of Mobile Bay and the smaller inlets
to the east of this sheet of water, is almost destitute of vegetation.
The flora of the strand lining the Gulf shore, always moistened by
the salt spra}^ of the surf and flooded by high tides, is poor in individ-
uals and species. The species found are, many of them, at home on
tropical shores, and they constitute a very open association of sand-
loving, salt-water plants (halophytes), similar to Xh&Ipomoeajpes-cajpreae
formation of tropical strands. This fine halophyte of the morning-
glory famih% from which this association has received its name, is not
rare on our Gulf shore. Its interlaced stems form large patches,
which at once attract the attention by the rich dark green of their
fleshy broad leaves and by their large rose-purple flowers. Seswvium
portulacastrum inhabits the shallow salty pools with Cakile rfiarithna
genicfulata., both frequent in the West Indies; also with A'a imhricata^
a low shrubby perennial of southeastern North America, and Dondia
{Sueda) linearis^ common on the Atlantic and Gulf shores from New
England to Florida and Mississippi.

XeropJiUe ^^lant associations of the dry sands of Mobile and Per dido
hays. — The benches of loose white sand extending along the shore of
Mobile Bay and the land-locked waters of Perdido Bay present a varied
vegetation of sand-loving plants (psanmiophytes). which are so scat-
tering, however, as scarcely to hide the snow-white sands. When
viewed under the glare of the noonday sun, the dark-green foliage of
the stunted live oak, with gnarled limbs, stands out in strong contrast
with the glistening sands. The stiff, leathery, narrow leaves, shining
above and hoary beneath, peculiar to this maritime form, afford a safe
protection against the injurious effects of excessive transpiration dur-
ing a long-continued drought, when the sand is heated by the scorching
ra3"s of the summer sun.

The grasses are:
Panicum repens. Cenchrus mcertus (sand bur) .

Pafiicum, littorale. . Cenchrus megacephalus {sand hnr) .

Stenotaphrum- secundatum (Saint Augus- Sieglingia purpurea (purple sand grass) .

tine grass) . Sieglingia americana (Southerii sand grass. )

15894 9

}'M) I'LANT IJKK nK A LAI? A MA.

()!' tlicst' the liist two arc fiiMiUfiit [M'lciiiiiiils. Ixitli foiitiiird lo the
coasl and raiiiiiiiu' t'loiii I'Morida to Mexico, ti'iie siiiid l>'md('i-s with
their niiininu- rhi/.oiiies deeply Imi'ied. The sand luirs arc aMiuial> I'loiii
the same rc^'ioiis.

Of tile sedj4"c t'aiiiih' ('///>< ri/.s licontrl, i'aii<^iii<i' Iroiii tlic coast of
Florida to Louisiana, and the coiuinoii Ci/jn ru-s xlr!</(>t<i(s^ are frc(|iiciit.
Otlu'r herhaeeou.s plants here found are:

EitpJiorbid jxjli/ijoiiifolia. I'()lij<j(iiH'/l(i (jraciJ'ix.

Salmla kali. Phi/saUs angmtifolia.

FroeUchia floridana. Linaria floridana.

Siphonychia erecta. Baldmnia muUiflora.

Stphunijrhia diffum. Hettrotheca .vdxtxillaris.

Paronychia riparin. Oenolhcra humifum.
Stipulicida setacea.

Of these the tirst three range northward to Nmv Eni^land and the
Great Lakes. The remainder, except the last two, are tyi)ical littoral
sand plants, ranging from the shores of North Carolina, Georgia,
and Florida to Louisiana; the last two are perennials of about the
same range.

A small group of low shrubs and sutfrutescent perennials, highly
characteristic types, mingle on the sandy lienches above with these
assoi'iations of herbs, all of Avhich are at home in corresponding locali-
ties in southern Georgia and Florida. Chrymma {Solidagd) pauci-
floscidoxd, known as golden rod, is the most frequent among them, an
undcrshrul) which is extremely conspicuous Avhen covered with its pro-
fusion of golden yellow flowers, and later on account of its densely
tufted stems retaining their foliage almost throughout the winter.
With these are found t'onradina c(inex.('rnx^ confined to the shores of
western Florida and Alabama, with the rare Polygonella polygama
and JLHantJit-muni arenicola^ all sparsely diffused along the shore of
western Florida. Cuscuta indecora^ not observed in the State outside
of this region, is frequently parasitic on the Ch rymma pauciJlosGulosa.

Xcrophilc pJdrit lU'fi^xlations of the dunes. — On the southern shore of
Dauphine Island and on the main shore eastward to Perdido Bay hill-
ocks of drifting white sands, thrown up by the unobstructed action of
winds and waves, rise above the beach, fre(|uently inclosing shallow
swamps and pools between them. On these diuies the live oak makes
a more or less scrut)])y growth, frequently not exceeding in size the
sand oak {Qvercw^ myri'ifolUi)^ with which it is associated. The latter
is an evergreen shrul) l)ranched from the base and from 5 to 8 feet in
height. These, with Ceratiola ericoidcx and dwarfed wax myrtles,
form an association of xerophile evergreen bushes, augmented by
Chryttoma j/auciffo.soul(mi and Polygomilla gracilis., the whole fre-
quently intertwined with the stems of the woody creepers Ampelojysis
incixd and Smilax aaricrdatd. On the crests and steep sides of the
hillocks the so-called sea oat {Uniola 2M7iicidata) forms open patches.

VEGETATION OF DUNES AND SANDY HAMMOCKS. 131

The slender, wiry culms of this grass, 8 to -i feet high, with scanty
involute rigid leaves, when bending under the burden of the large,
more or less contracted, panicles of the broad, many-flowered
drooping spikelets, render the species one of the most strik-
ing tj'pes of psammophile plants. It inhabits the dunes from the
southern frontier of Virginia through North Carolina south to Texas
and the Mexican coast. By its stout running- rhizome, deeply Ijuried
in the sand and sprouting from the rather distant nodes, a single
plant soon colonizes the bare dune. The flowers appear to be mostlv
infertile, as no spikelets with well-matured grain have l)ecn observed
in the specimens from our coast. Ipomoea camosa^ similar in its sub-
terranean stems and root system to the above grass, is not infrequently
found along with it, the numerous long prostrate stems Ijearing bright-
green leaves, which cover the sand. Opuntia cnis-corvi and Sijphony-
chia erecta arc not rare in the same localities. The dead tops and
branches of the sand pine (Pinws clausa) and tops of the Spanish dag-
ger {Yucca alolfoUa)^ with the trunks almost completely buried in
the drifting sands, increase the impression of aridit}' on these desolate
shores.

Mesophile plant associations of the dxines. — In the shallow sandy pools,
formed mostly by the accumulations of rain water in the depressions
and rendered more or less brackish by the influx of the waves of the
sea during storm tides, many of the plants of the semiswampy coast
plain mingle with types of various families not found outside of the
littoral belt. Of the former class occur the following, the first two
being most frequent:

Rynchospora torreyana. lAnum medium.

Hypericum aspalatJwides. Sderia pauciflora glabra.

Lechea torreyl.

Of plants peculiar to the littoral belt occur:

Scirpus americanus. Xyris torta pallescens.

Fuirena sdrpoidea. Cassia (Chamaecrista) miMissippiensis.

Sderia gracilis.

Open groves of Cuban pines cover the flats behind the dimes, merg-
ing frequently into the pine meadows of the coast plain.

Xei'ophile p^lcLi^t associations of the sandy dry Jmmmochs. — Between
Bon Secour and Perdido Bay low, sandy hills or ancient dunes, rising
above the saline swamps, support a high forest of evergeen trees,
principally live oak, but with a mixture of laurel oak and Cuban and
long-leaf pine. On these dry, sandy hammocks the sand pine [Pimis
clausa)., frequent in peninsular and western Florida, reaches its western
limit. In this locality the tree has been found from 50 to 60 feet high,
rarely over a foot in diameter, breast high. Stunted Spanish oak,
barren oak, blue jack, and the common wax myrtle form the under-
growth, and the procumbent stems of the saw palmetto deeply rooting

132 I'LANT LIFK <>F ALABAMA.

ill tlio sHiul ()ft(Mi closely covci" the soil. On the Ijordcrs of those
woods, and alniost foiiliiifd to tliciu. Iii/h</h>sjkh-<i ilodecandra is fre-
quont with the rare ('<(r<.r i/iisi/carjui, Ixitli of which occur also in
South Carolina.

Mt'.s<q>lilhj>l<nif (issn<-!(ttl<)n.'< of tlw salt iiiarsJieK cmjermg the outlyhig
if<la)Hli<. — Dau})hiiic Island is the most easterly of the interrupted chain
of islands which incloses the waters of Mississippi Sound; it is the
largest that fronts the Alabama coast and was orij^insdly covered with
the Cuban pine. The flora of this island presents no new features, the
vofTotation of its dunes, saline marshes, and pine flats being identical
with that of the corresponding situations on the mainland.

The low islets closer to the main shore and flooded by every high
tide arc bare of tree growth, and their borders, if not their whole
surface, are almost always soaked hy the briny sea, and are not rarely
covered with a floor of fine salt. Where sand and shingle, thrown up
by the waves, have raised the ground above continued overfloAV, ever-
green shrubs preferring a saline soil (halojjhytcs), such as Tvafru-
tescens, BaccJiaris halitnifolia and B. angustifolia^ fringe their shores,
together with Chenopodiuni herlandieri and Lyc'mm carolinianxmi (sea
cherry). Batls maritima^ Salicornia higelmni^ and S. omhigua^ low
shrubb}^ paludial halophytes, with Fhnibristylu spadicea^ form a dense,
close cover of perpetual verdure on these islands.

Mesophile p>l(mt associatlon>t {/lalop/ujtic) of the salt tnarshes on the
main shore. — The shallow, tranquil waters of the numerous inlets of
the sea, with their floor of deep, sandy mud, which receive the smaller
pine-barren streams, are covered exclusively by the black rush {Janata
roemerianus). The rigid, sharp-pointed, leafless stems which rise 2
feet or more above the water, and are more or less crowded, present
a rather compact plant formation highly characteristic of the vegeta-
tion of the littoral region of the Southern Atlantic and Gulf States.
This formation might fltly be designated as the Southern Juncaceous
formation. This rush also forms the great Ijulk of the vegetation of
the extensive saline marshes lining the shore, which at low tide are
above water and which by their position are protected against the
violent action of the waves. In these marshes, associated with the
black rush occur:

Fimbristylii^ castanea. IHsticJiUfi s^picata.

Fimbristylis puberula. Chaetochhxi imberbis 2Jerennii>

Spartina polystachya. Paspalum vaglnatum.
Cladium effusum.

Also the following halophytes:

lAmonium carolinianum. Borrichia fruiescens.

Gerardia mariiima. Cynanclmm paluslre.

In receding from the water front the marsh gradually rises above
continuous overflow, and the ground affords a firmer foothold. In
such situations the rushes and grasses disappear and a more or less

FLORA OF SHELL HAMMOCKS AND CULTURAL FLORA. 133

open vegetation of low perennials and herbaceous plants of various
families finds its home on the damp, often bare, ground, which is cov-
ered with a salty efilorescence. On such bare places the following are
found:

Sabbatia steUaris. Tfesa marina.

Gratiola hispida. Atriplex arenaria.

Oldenlandia UUoralis. HeUotropiuTn curassavicurn.

Monniera mormiera {Herpestln monniera) . Eleocharis capiiata.

lAppia cuneifolia. Distichlis spicaia.

Lijpjpia cuneifolia is a prostrate perennial, with rooting, creeping
stems.

In the submerged salt marshes, with a firmer floor, formed Ijy
deposits of a heavier silt, large-stemmed and broad-leaved rushes and
grasses prevail, forming a compact halophile association of reeds, with
deeply submerged stout rhizomes tightly interlaced. The slender,
pale SjMrtina ^_>«^ew,§, with its stiff stems and erect involute leaves,
chiefly prevails with the tall Sch'jms 7'obustus and Spar'tinajjolystachya^
and with Kosteletzkya virginica altheaefolia and Tpomoea f<agittata.

Shell hammochs. — On the shore of the sea and of the larger inlets,
and along the banks of the bayou's narrow tortuous marine channels,
heaps of bivalve shells, frequently man}' ^^ards in length and from to
15 feet and over in height, are encountered, the accumulation of refuse
from the food supplv which served a race of men unknown to histor}^.
Large live oaks, aged magnolias, and pignut hickories cover these
heaps, along with dense copses of the red buckeye, the sea plum, and
the lime-loving Carolina buckthorn, the last two not known from any
other locality in the lower pine region. On these shell banks the
West Indian red cedar {Juniferus harbadenstH) is frequently found in
full perfection, the sturdy crunk spreading out its almost horizontal
branches, with their drooping branchlets, at from 12 to 18 feet above
the ground. This tree is frequently found on the low hammocks lining
the shores of the Gulf and its inlets from Mississippi to Florida and
along the Atlantic shore to Georgia. On the driest summits of the
shell heaps and on the sandy shores of the open sea, exposed to- wind
and tide, it is f requenth^ of low stunted growth with the trunk divided
from the base. Prickly pear in large patches frequently spreads
over the open places; Evolvulus alsinoides^ widely distributed in lit-
toral regions within the tropics of the New and Old World, has been
observed on the shell banks of Dauphine Island. Remarkable is the
never-failing occurrence on these shell banks from South Carolina to
Texas of Limnodea {Tkurberia) arkariscma in the scanty cover of herbs.

CULTURAL PLANT FORMATIONS OF THE COAST PINE BELT.

Of the 8,500 or 9,000 square miles covered by the rolling pine barrens
and pine flats of the coast plain east of the Escambia and Conecuh
rivers, not more than about 2 per cent is under tillage, and west of

1.S4 ri-.\XT MFK <>K AI.AMAMA.

tluvsf r'ucrs. ill tlir coiiiilics <>t' ( '<i\ iiit^ion ami ( iciicva, and tin' lower
pari of ( 'oil re. 1 )ali'. ami I lciii\ . alxtiit 1 •> per ctnt i^ under cult i\ at ion.
'I'lie lariic areas of the faiiii lands are used for the pasture of cattle and
slieej), which are left without attention to loaiii throuLihout the open
])iiie forests and iiiter\ ciiiiiti' swamps. The people of these sparsely
iiihal»ited I'eLiioii:? depend for their lix'eliiiood mostly u|)on the tiniher
and the resinous pi'oductsof t he lon<ileaf })ine for<'sts. 'I'he land uiuler
culti\ation is de\(»ted principally to the grow ine* of food ci"oi)s. chietly
eorn, sweet })otatoes. rice, with som(> su^'ar cane, the several products
scarcely sutlicin*;' to meet the home demiind. It is only of late years
that the ])ossibilities of the soil of the better class of pine lands have
receixcd a proper appreciation. Wherever the sandy loams rest upon
a more retentive, somewhat clayey subsoil, these lands, with th(> help
of a slight outlay for fertilizers, never fail to give satisfactory returns
to the tiller. In the few localities where the experiment has Ixmmi made
the eultivation of cotton has proved successful. The tropical sugar
cane is grown on every farm for the production of the largely con-
sunu'd table sirup and raw sugar to cover the needs of the homestead.
On the best of the pine land this crop will prove to be profitable, if
undertaken on a more extensive scale. For on these lands the cultiva-
tion of the sugar cane is easier and less expensive than on the heav}'^
alluvial lands, which frequentl}^ require large outlays for drainage.
Moreover, the cane grown on these pine lands yields a juice of great
purity and rich in crvstallizable sugar.

AVith the increased facilities for transportation to distant northern
markets, much attention has been given to truck farming all along the
railroad lines, and the large shipments of cabbages and Irish potatoes
and other \egetables and fruits made every spring show the increasing
importance of this industry. Among fruits, strawberries and water-
melons are raised in large quantities for shipment. On the rolling
pine lands, with a suitable subsoil, peaches and grapes under proper
modes of cultivation, succeed well.

This industry of truck farmijig is carried on most extensively on the
Coast plain. Upon this low land, where the winter climate is tempered
by the proximity of the sea, the warm, sandy loams produce crops which
reach th(Mr perfection at an- earlier date and with less risk of injury by
frosty weather. During the winter and early spring the extensive iields
of cabbages present a most peculiar compact plant formation of a bien-
nial member of the Brassica tri})e, alternating with a tub.'r-l)earing,
solanaceous annual — the Irish potato. The planting season of the vari-
ous crops of earh^ vegetables for northern markets extends from the
middle of October to the middle of March. The mean temperature of
this period averages about 57'-', with a mean of all the monthly highest
temperatures of 78^ for the coldest part of the growing season — De-
cember to February; conditions highly favorable foi- starting and fur-

TRUCK AND FRUIT GROWING IN COAST PINE BELT. 135

thering the growth of the principal crops named, besides other root
crops of minor importance, such as radishes and turnips, and also kales,
peas, beans, cucumbers, etc. The plants easily recover from the injuries
inflicted by light frosts, particularly when these happen in cloudy
weather and when the return of the sunshine is gradual. The warmth of
the sun raises the temperature of the soil and gives a new impetus to
growth in compensation for the check it has received. Sudden changes,
however, to temperature below the freezing point, succeeded imme-
diatel}" l)y sunn}- weather, not infrequently prove disastrous to the
crops. Cabbage plants are constantly transferred from the cold frames
to the field from October to December, and the crop is marketed from
December to May. Irish potatoes are generally planted from the
beginning of January to the latter part of February, and yield the
firstcrops in April. Peas are sown in January and early in February;
beans, squashes, and sweet corn about the first of March, when toma-
toes, cucumbers, and melons, which have started under glass, are
transferred to the open. Large quantities of these vegetables reach
the northern markets from April to the beginning of summer.

After these various crops have been harvested, chiefly gramineous
plant formations take the place of those mentioned above. Field corn
is frequently planted after the removal of the first crops of cabbage
and Irish potatoes; crops of Italian or golden millet also frequently
take their place; cowpeas are planted for fodder, but most frequently
for the purpose of fertilizing ^the fields by plowing under. Far the
largest part of the cultivated fields, however, is left to a luxuriant
growth of weedy grasses, chiefly crab grass {Syntheris7na {Panicum)
sajiguhiale), ])ull grass {Paspakwi hoscianum)^ yard grasses {Eleusine
indica^ Leptochloa inucronata'^ Paspalwn dilatat'um')^ and the so-called
Mexican clover {Ri chard ia scahra), which furnish abundant, spontane-
ous crops of nutritious hay, and also pasturage to the close of the season.
In fact, it may be said that forage crops of various kinds can be grown
in succession throughout the year. Oats and rye furnish green pas-
ture through the winter; vetch ( Vlcia sativa)^ cowpeas, and bur clover
{Medicago macidata) will yield crops for soiling in the earliest days of
spring. Oats cut in the milky stage are cured for dry feed in May and
June. Cowpeas, millets, various kinds of sorghum, known as durrha
or kafir corn, millo maize, and pearl millet; cattail millet, Hungarian
grass, and the so-called Johnson grass {Sorghuin halepen^e) furnish
green forage and hay crops throughout the summer; to which, near
the coast, can be added the Guatemala grass or teosinte i^Eitchlaena
mexicand)^ the genuine Guinea grass {Panicum jumentorum)^ and Para
grass {Panicum molle).

The cultivation of the orange on our coast is wholly confined to the
sheltered coves on the shores of the large bays and of the Gulf. The
loquat tree, or Japanese medlar {Eriohotrya japonica)^ has produced

\'M\ PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.

al>uml;iiil crop.- of its luscious fruit, which ripens early in tho spring.
This ti-fc has, however. duiMu*;' the past few yeai's heeii tiiivateiied with
tlestructioM hy the same l»li<,''ht which has proved so disastrous to the
pear orchards ihrouehout tlie i-eii-iou. liider the care of experienced
eultivators. the raisino- of peaehes as well as of the tiner kinds of
grapes is of uuicli promise. The tig produces al)undant fruit, which
is consumed fresh or used for preserves; and the scuppernong grape
yields its crops year after year with regular abundance. The cultiva-
tion of the line kinds of pecan nut has greatly increased during the past
15 or 20 years, and the iiu'reasing crops of tine nuts are now seeking
an outlet to distant markets.

K.i'oth' KuJjtropU'dl arhorescent flora. — The mildness of the climate
of the coast region is most fully attested ])y the luxuriant and varied
growth of woody exotics from subtropical and tropical regions of the
Old and New World, which adorn our gardens and grounds, and which
furnish many of the trees that shade our streets and dwellings. Of the
shade trees are to be mentioned the China tree {Mella azedarach)^ the
most frequent, and its variety of lower grow^th known as the umbrella
China tree; also the paper mull)erry {Brou^'<.sorietia 2H(py'/''f''ru)- Of
smaller-sized trees conspicuous by their profusion of flowers the crape
myrtle {Lagerstroemia indica) takes the first place; to which are added:

Ligushiim japonicum (Japanese privet) . Albizzia julibrissin (silk tree).

Cinmtmomum camphord (camphor tree) . Acacia farnesiana (sweet opoponax).

Punica granatum (pomegranate) . OKtiKtnthusfragrans O.major, (sweet olive) .

Jairopha carthaginiensis (large cassava Mlrhelia {Magnolia) fuscata.

tree) . Viburnum odoratissimum (Chinese vibur-

Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree) . num) .

Of evergreen coniferous trees the deodar cedar (Cedrus d-eodara)^
Chinese cumiinghamia {OunnhigJudnia chmetish)., Chili pines {Arau-
caria spp.), the somber cypress {Cupressus sempervlrens) of Mediterra-
nean Europe, and the weeping cypress {Ciqyressnsfunehrlx) from Asia
not rarely adorn the grounds about dwellings throughout the Lower
Pine region. Of the large number of hard}'" shrubs, only the most fre-
quent and prominent can be mentioned, the hybrid Indian azaleas taking
the flrst place. These shrubs, loaded with a profusion of flowers run-
ning from pure white through all shades of dazzling flame-color, ver-
milion, pink, and purple, are produced from the beginning to near the
close of spring in a perfection scarcely ever surpassed. Many of these
plants grow to a height of from 6 to 8 feet, covering square yards of
ground with their low, wide-spreading branches. The single-flowered
Camellia japonica., of almost tree-like growth, puts forth its abun-
dance of flowers from the middle of January through the winter, as do
several kinds of laurestines. The more tender varieties of the former,
with double flowers, need for their perfect development a slight pro-

CULTIVATED ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 137

tection against continued rains and spells of extreme cold. The fra-
grant pittosporum {P'dtcmporum tohira)^ jessamines, cape jessamine
{Gardenia) are perfectly hardy. The century plant {Agave americana)
not infrequently puts forth its candelabra-like flowering- shafts, and
yuccas {Yucca treculeana^ etc.) from Mexico and the adjacent Texan
region, and the tropical so-called sago palm {Cycas revoluta) and
arrowroot palm {Zainla integrlfolla) of southern Florida add to the
number of decorative evergreen plants.

SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS GROWING WITHOUT
CULTIVATION IN ALABAMA, INCLUDING DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW,
RARE, AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES.

Subkingdom MYXOTHALLOPHYTA (MYXOMY-
CETES). Slime Molds.

Order F»LAS:M0DI0F»H0RALES.
Family PLASMODIOPHORACEAE.

FRANKIA Biuuch.

Frankia alni (Wor.) Atkinson.

Ala. Bull. 133. Cornell Bull. 50.

Forming galls on roots of Alnus sp. Lee County, February, 1892 (Atkinson) ; July,
1896 ( Underwood .\- Earle).

Frankia ceanothi Atkinson, Bnll. Torr. Clnb, 19:171. 1892.

Ala. Bull. 133. Cornell Bull. 50.

On roots of Ceanotliim americanus. Lee County, Auburn, November, 1891 (Atkin-
son); Lee County, May, July, 1896 (Underwood c|' Karle).

Order ?vlYXOGASTRALES.

Family TRICHIACEAE.

ARCYRIA Hall.
Arcyria ferruginea Sauter.
Ala. Bull. 133.
Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Earle).

Arcyria punicea Pers.
Ala. Bull. 133.
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ; February, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).

TRICHIA Hall.
Trichia affinis De Bary.
Ala. Bull. 135.
Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).

Trichia chrysosperma (Bull.) DC.
Ala. Bull. 135.
Lee County, November, December, 1895 ( Underwood).

Trichia varia Pers.
Ala. Bull. 135.
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Undertoood).

' Contributed by Prof. F. S. Earle, of the Biological Survey of Alabama, April, 1899.
Collection maile mostly in the vicinity of Auburn, Ala.

140 l'l,.\N'r MFK OF ALAIiAMA.

TUBULIN A IVrs.

Tubulina cylindrica (Hull.) DC.
Ala. Hull. 13;").
Loe County, March, 18% ( I'ndiruood .V Earle).

HEMIARCYRIA l.'cstf.

Hemiarcyria clavata (Pera. ) liostf.
IVter.s coll. Ala. Hull. 131.
On PinuH sp. {I'olirs).

Hemiarcyria fimalis Morgan.

Ala. linll. i:]l.

Lee County, I)fceinl)er, 189.5 (Cnderwood).

Hemiarcyria rubiformis (Pars.) Rostf.
Ala. Bull. 134.
Lee County, November, 189.5 ( Undertoood) ; February, 189(1 ( f'ndencood .f- KarU).

Hemiarcyria serpula (Scop.) Rostf.
Peters coll. No. 105. Ala. Hull. 134.
(Peters.) Lee County, December, 1895 (Underwood).

LYCOGALA Micbx.

Lycogala epidendroii (L.) ]{nxb.
Ala. Bull. 134.
Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood <>• Earle).

CALONEMA Morgan.

Calonema aureum Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 133.

On rotten wood. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
Ohio.

Family CRIBRARIACEAE.

CRIBRARIA Schrad.

Cribraria argillacea Pers.
Grevillea, 2 :68, as Licea Hpermoides B. & C. Ala. Bull. 134.
(Beauviont.)

DICTYDIUM Schrad.

Dictydium cernuum (Pers.) Nees.

Peters coll., as D. iimlilicatum. Ala. Bull. 134.
(Peters.)

PERICHAENA Fr.

Perichaena corticalis (Batsch) Kostf.
Peters coll. No. 106. Ala. Bull. 134.
(Peters.)

Family CLATHROPTYCHIACEAE.

CLATHROPTYCHIUM Kostf.

Clathroptychium rugulosum (Wallr.) Rostf.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 133.
On Quercus, 1873 (Peters).

ENTERIDION Ehrh.

Enteridium olivaceum P'hrh.

Peters coll. No. 125a, as Licea applanata. Ala. Bull. 134.
iPetera.)

SLIME MOLDS. 141

Family RETICULARIACEAE.
RETICULARIA Bull.

Reticularia atra (A. & S.) Fr.

Ala. Bull 135. Lee County, March, 189(j ( Underwood .f- Earle).

Family DIDYMIACEAE.

Didydium clavus (A. & S.) Rostf.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 134.
August, 185.5 {Peters).

Family SPDMARIACEAE.

SPUMARIA Hers.

Spumaria alba (Bull.) DC.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 135.
1865 (/'c<er8).

Family PHYSARACEAE.

BADHAMIA Curt. & Berk.

Badhamia decipiens (Curt.) Berk.

Grevillea, 2 : G6, as Phjisarum chrysofrichum B. & C. Ala. Bull. 133.
On dead wood (Peters).

LEOCARPUS Link.

Leocarpus fragilis (Dicks.) Rostf.

PHYSARUM Pars.

Physarum cinereum (Batsch) Pers.
Ala. Bull. 134.
On grass and clover. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <f' JEarle),

Physarum flavicomum B. & Br.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 134.
1855 (Peters).

Physarum petersii B. & C.

Grevillea, 2 : 66. Peters coll. No. 104. Ala. Bull. 184.
On dead wood (Peters).

Physarum pulchripes Peck.
Ala. Bull. 134.
Lee County, March, 1896 (Underwood <f- Earle).

FULIGO Hall.

Fuligo septica (Link) Gmel.
Peters coll. No. 107. Ala. Bull. 134.
(Peters.) Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood if Earle).

Family STEMONITACEAE.

STEMONITIS Gled.
Stemonitis fusca Roth.
Ala. Bull. 1.35.
Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood tf Earle).

Stemonitis microspora Lister.
Ala. Bull. 135.
Lee County, February, March, l»!t6 ( Underwood <)■ Earle).

142 PLANT MFK (>K ALAUA.MA.

Stenionitis teneriima l'>. \ C.
Ala. Hull. i:{r>.
Leo County, Novoiiibtr, lf<;ir) ( I tid) ritooih.

COMATRICHA I'roiisa.

Comatriclia friesiaiia (Dc Ikiiy) U'ostf.
Ala. |{nll. KW.
( I'ctcra. )

Comatriclia typhiiia (Hotb) Kostf.
Pftois coll. Ala. lUiU. i:«.
{reters.)

Family CERATIOMYXACEAE

CERATIOMYXA Scliroet.

Ceiatiomyxa mucida (Pers.) Schroet.
Ala. Hull. is:?.
(rcters, Jkaumoiil). Lee County, April, 18!tU {Underwood iSEiirU).

ALGAE.

As yet the study of tlie classes of true thalloiiliytes, einbiaciiifJT tlie
plants <;eiierally described as algae, has received scarcely any attention
in Alabama, The sandy shoals and the sandy shores washed by the
waves along the eastern Gulf coast from Louisiana to northwestern
Florida are unproductive of algae, and only a few species of the higher
forms find their home on our shore. With the exception of Characeae
and Lemaneaceae, it has been necessary to omit the so-called fresh-
water algae, as we know too little of them at present.

The successful eftbrts of Dr, George H. Taylor and the Messrs, K, M.
Cunningham and William McNeil in cleansing .samples of the mud of
Mobile Bay obtained from the almost fresh water of the estuary
of Mobile River, the more or Jess brackish water of the upper bay
and the brine of the lower bay have brought to light a considerable
number of interesting forms of the diatom family, which are here placed
on record. The work of these skillful and diligent collectors has been
si)oken of by Hon. J. D. Co.x, LL. D., of Cincinnati, in the American
Monthly Microscopic Jouriud.' At the same time the following list has
been furnished by Mr. Cox, to whom the cleansed material was at the
time submitted for examination. The generic and specific names ha\ e
been revised to conform with De Toni's Sylloge Algarum,

' Vol. 6, p, 145 (August, 1885).

DIATOMS. 143

Subkingdom EUTHALLOPHYTA.

Division EUPHYOEAE.

Order BACILLARIALES.

Family BACILLARIACEAE (DIATOMACEAE).' Diatoms.

Subfamily DISCOIDEAE.

PARAIilA lleib.

Paralia sulcata (Ehrenb.) Cleve. Melosira sulcata Kuetz.
Marine.
New Jersey.

COSCINODISCUS Ehrenb.

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenb.
Mariiu'.
New Jersey.

Coscinodiscus subtilis Ehrenb.
Marine and in brackish water.
New Jersey.

Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenb.
Salt and brackish water.
New Jersey.

Coscinodiscus excentricus Ehrenb.
Fresh, brackish, and salt water.
New Jersey.

ACTYNOPTYCHUS Ehrenb.

Actinoptychus undulatus (Bailey?) Ralfs.
Marine mud.
Tampa Bay (G. H. Taylor). New Jersey.

Actinoptychus splendens (Ehrenb.?) Shadb.
Brackish water.
Tampa Bay {(i. II. Taijlor). New Jersey.

Actinoptychus areolatus (Ehrenb.) Schmidt.

AULISCUS Ehrenb.

Auliscus caelatus Bailey.
Marine.
Tampa Bay {G. H. Taylor). New Jersey.

Auliscus sculptus (Wm. Smith) Ralfs.
Marine.
New Jersey.

Auliscus pruinosus Bailey.
Marine.
Tampa Bay {G.U. Taylor).

Auliscus punctatus Bailey.

PSEUDAULISCUS Lend.-Fortm.
Pseudauliscus radiatus (Bailey) Rattray. Auliscus radiatus Bailey.

All the following species are from Mobile Bay.

144 TLA NT MKK oF ALABAMA.

EtJPODISCUS i;iironl>.
Eupodiscus radiatus Hivilty.

AULACODISCUS Khreiih.

Aulacodiscus argus (KliriMilt.) A. Schmidt. trijiodixruH <ir<juH Klirenli. Kii])odi.nvii>i
tirfiiin \\u\. Sniilli.

Marine.

Tampa Hay (d. JL Taylor). New Jprscy.

ACTINOCYCLUS Kbreub.
Actinocyclus ehrenbergii Kalfs.

Subfamily BIDDULPHIOIDKAP:.
CHAETOCEROS Ehrenb.

Chaetoceros varians (Lauder) Xnn Jicurck. lUicterlastrum variaiin I.auder. 7>.

curi'dtniii Sbadl).

TRICERATIUM Ehrenb.

Triceratium favus Ehrenb.
Salt or brackish water.
Tauipa Bay {(1. H. Taylor). New .Jersey.

Triceratium alternans Bailey.
Marine.
New Jersey.

Triceratium punctatum Brigbtw. T. sculptum Shadb.

AMPHITETRAS Ehrenb.

Amphitetras antediluviana Khrenb.

Marine.
Cosmopolitan.

ODONTELLA Agh.

Odontella aurita (Lyngb.) Agh. Diatoma auritum Lyngb. Jiiddulphia aurita Br<^bi8.
Marine mud.
New Jersey.

Odontella turgida (Wm. Smith) A'an Henrck. (crataulus iKryidim Ehrenb.
Marini! mud.
New Jersey.

CERATAULUS Ehrenb.
Cerataulus smithii (Roper) Ralfs.

TERPSINOE Khrenb.

Terpsiuoe americana (Bailey) Kalfs.

New Jersey.
Terpsinoe musica Ehrenb.

Tampa Bay. New Jersey.

Subfamily FRAGIEARIOIDEAE.

EUNOTIA Ehrenb.
Eunotia arcus Ehrenb.
Euiiotia triodon Ehrenb.

Fresh water.

New Jersey.

DIATOMS. 145

GRAMMATOPHORA Elireub.

Grammatophora marina (Lyngl).) Knetz.
Marine.
Xew Jersey.

Subfamily NAVICULOIDEAE.
NAVICULA Bory.

Navicula lyra Ehrenb.
Fresh and brackish (?) water.
New Jersey.

Navicula irrorata Grev.

Navicula permagna (Bailey) Edwards.

Brackish or salt water.

Tampa Bay. Xew .Jersey.

Navicula maculata Edwards.
Navicula distaus (Wm. Smith) Ralfs.
Navicula caribaea Cleve.
Navicula didyma Ehrenb.

Marine.

New Jersey.

Navicula kennedyi Wm. Smith.
Marine.
New Jersey.

Navicula praetexta Ehrenb.
Marine.
New Jersey.

Navicula serratula Griinow.
Navicula longa (Gregory) Ralfs.
Navicula major Kiietz.

Fresh water.

New Jersey.

Navicula nobilis (Ehrenb.) Kuetz.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.

Navicula aspera Ehrenb. Stauroneis aspera Ehrenb. S. pulchella Wm. Smith.
Marine.
Tampa Bay. New Jersey.

DICTYONEIS Cleve.

Dictyoneis marginata (Lewis) Cleve. Navicula marginata Lewis.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.

FRUSTULIA Agh.

Frustulia le^visiana (Grev.) De Toni. Navicula lewisiana Grev.

STAURONEIS Ehrenb.

Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) Ehrenb.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.

PLEUROSIGMA Wm. Smith.

Pleurosigma validum Shadb.
15894 10

14() PLANT I-Il-K OK ALAI5AMA.

AMPHIPRORA I'.hniib.
Aniphiproia costata o'Mriiiii.'

PLAGIOTROPIS riitz.
Plagiotropis vitrea (Win. Smith?) Grunow. Amphiprora riirca Win. Sinitli.
Plagiotropis elegans (Wiu. Smith) Grunow. Amphiprora eJeijunx Win. Sniitli.

CYMBELLA A-;h.
Cymbella heteropleura (Khrciib.) Kiietz.

AMPHORA Ehieub.

Amphora proteus ( Jregory.
Jirnckish or salt water.
A'ew .lersey.

Amphora clevei A. Schmidt.
Amphora cingulata Cleve.

NITZSCHIA llassal.

Nitzschia scalaris (Elirenl). ?) Wm. Smith.
I'resh or brackish water.
New Jersey.

Nitzschia sigmoidea (Nitzsch) Wm. Smith.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.

Nitzschia circumsuta (Bailej') Grunow.

Subfamily SUEIEELLOIDEAE.

SURIRAYA Turp.

Suriraya febigerii Lewis.
Brackish water.
Tampa Bay. New .Jersey.

Suriraya fastuosa l^hrenb.

Marine.
New Jersey.

CYSTOPLEURA Br(5bis.

Cystopleura zebra (Ehreub.) Knntzc. EpHhemla zehra Kuetz.

CAMPYLODISCUS Ehreub.

Campylodiscus clypeus Ehreub.
Campylodiscus limbatus Brcbis.

Class CHLOROPHYCEAE. Green Algae.

Orclfc^r F'KOXOCOCC^^LES.

Family HYDRODICTYACEAE.

HYDRODICTYON Koth.

Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L.) Lagerh.
Stagnant pools, ditches. Over the State.
United States, Canada, Europe.

' There is some uncertainty about this name. — Ed.

CHARACEAE AND SEAWEEDS. 147

Order COXFER\^^^LES.

Family ULVACEAE.

ULVA L. Sea lettuce.

Ulva lactuca (L.) Le Jolis.

On piles and sunken timber, salt and brackish water. Mobile Bay.
Ulva enteromorpha Le Jolis.

Mobile Bay, with the last.

Class CHARALES.^
Family CHARACEAE.

CHARA Vaill.

Chara gymonopus humboldtii A. Br.
In swiftly running streams. Bibb County, Little Cahawba River {E. A. Sviith).
Louisiana to New England. Europe.

Chara fragilis (L.) Desv.

lu swiftly running streams. Little Cahawba River, Bibb County {E. I. Smith).

NITELLA Agh.

Nitella glaziovii Zell.

In deep, gently flowing water. Estuary of Mobile River. September, fruiting
abundantly under the water 10 feet deep,

Nitella tenuissima A. Br.

In deep, still, brackish water. Upper part of Mobile Bay ; dredged from a depth
of 15 feet and over.

Nitella tenuissima A. Br., forma.

In large tufts. Baldwin County, above the mouth of Fly Creek on the muddy
bottom. Abundant.

Nitella acuminata A. Br.

In deep water. Estuary of Mobile River with X. glaziorii.

Nitella acuminata subglomerata A. Br.

With the al)Ove.
Nitella acuminata brachyteles A. Br.

With the last.

Class PHAEOPHYCEAE.

Order CYCLOSPOR^^^LES.

Family FUCACEAE.

SARGASSUM Agli. Gulf weed.

Sargassutn bacciferum Turu.

Frequently washed ashore along the Mississippi Sound and on the strand of Bald-
win County.

Sargassum vulgare Agh.
Rarcdy washed ashore on the outside shore and the outlying islands.

Identified by T. F. Allen, M. D.

148 PLANT LIKK <>K AI.Al^AMA.

Class RHODOPHVCEAE. Red Algae.

Orclor XEXIALION^^^LES.

Family LEMANEACEAE.

LEMANEA I'.ory.

Lemanea fucina niamillosa (Kuetz.) Atkinson. L. uunnilldsa Knot/.
In rivnlets. North Alabama {Peters). Mobile.
Noitii Carolina, C'bapel Hill.

TUOMEYA Ilarv.

Tuomeya fluviatilis llarv.

On rocks in Warrior River near Tuscaloosa, 1857 (Tiiomey).

Virginia near Fredericksburg (liailey); Connecticut; Maine, Mount Desert Island.

Family HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE.

BATRACHOSPERMUM Kotb.

Batracliospermum moniliforme Kolh.

In brooks and springs. Over the State; very variable. The Southern form inhab-
its in abundance swift-running pine-barren streams, attached to submerged timber
and roots, ^vith a tliallus from 6 to 8 inches long of a deep green to olive-brown color.
It has not bceu observed outside of the Coast I'ino belt.

Order RHOOYMENI ALES.

Family SPHAEROCOCCACEAE.

GRACILARIA Grev.

Gracilaria armigera Harv.
Mobile. Mississippi Sound, Cat Island, Dauphin Island.

Family DELESSERIACEAE.

CALAGLOSSA (llarv.) J. G. Agh

Calaglossa leprieuri J. G. Agh.

liiackish Avater. Estuary of Mobile Kiver, on immersed trunks.
Warmer seas of the Old World.
New Jersey.

FUNGI.

About the middle of the present ceutury, following the work of Baron
von Scliweinit/. in tlie same field, the Kev. M. A. Curtis, of Xorth Car-
olina, and the Ilev. M, J. Berkeley, of England, devoted their attention
to the study of the fungi of the Southern United States. With these
mycologists cooperated jNfr. Ravenel, of South Carolina, and Judge
Peters, of jNloulton, Ala. The latter proved a most active contributor,
exploring a region hitherto a veritable terra incognita to science, and
affording further light on the distribution of fungi in this part of our
continent.

His collections were chietly made during the period from 1834 to

COLLECTIONS OF ALABAMA FUNGI. 149

1864 iu that part of the Tennessee Yalley and t)f the mountain region
of Alabama ftrabraciug Lawrence, Winston, and Walker counties.
Peters submitted his collections to Curtis and also partly to Ravenel.
The descriptions of his new species were jrablished in the first to the
third volumes of Grevillea (1872 to 187C) under the "Xotice of North
American Fungi," by Berkeley and Curtis, and a smaller number were
issued iu Ravenel's Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati (1852 to 18G0). In
his manuscript catalogue of Alabama fungi, left, with his collection, to
the University of Alabama, Peters enumerated a little over 500 species
under 122 genera, most of them contained in three quarto volumes.
These specimens are still in a fair state of preservation.

Early in the sixties C A. Beaumont, an enthusiastic young botanist,
joined Peters in the exploration of the cryptogamic tlora of the State,
but working in his own surroundings. After a short stay in Lawrence
County, Beaumont collected in southeastern Alabama near Brooklyn,
in Conecuh County, and Troy, in Pike County. His specimens were
also forwarded to Mr. Curtis and were duly noticed in the publications
of the authors named above.

After a long lapse of years the investigation of the mycological flora
of the State was most actively resumed by Prof. George F. Atkinson
(Cornell L^niversity, New York), chiefly during the years 1889 to
1892, while in charge of the biological department of the Polytechnic
Institute and the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Auburn,
assisted by some of his graduate students, principally B. M. Duggar,
1889-90, and C. L. Newman, 18j0-91. The field work was chiefly con-
fined to Lee County, and the results of his labors were published in the
Bulletin of the Cornell University, vol. 3, No. I, Ithaca, N. Y., June,
1897. In this Bulletin Oil species under 201 genera are enumerated,
of which three genera and Gl species are described as new.

Prof. L. M. Underwood, while iu connection with the biological depart-
ment of the Polytechnic Institute (1895-96), and Prof. F. S. Earle, of
the horticultural department, and since 1896 in the biological depart-
ment of the same institution, continued with great zeal the labors of
their predecessors in the field of Southern mycology. Their explora-
tions were principally confined to the vicinity of the Institute. Pro-
fessor Underwood made a trip to the mountain region of the State from
its eastern limit westward to the section first explored by Peters.
Professor Earle made, occasionally, some collections iu Mobile County.
His assistants in field work. Prof. C. F. Baker and Mr. Benton of the
Alabama Experiment Station, are mentioned.

In 1897 appeared the Preliminary List of the known species of
Alabama Fungi, by L. 'SL Underwood and F. S. Earle, as Bulletin No. 80
of the Alabama Exj)eriment Station at Auburn. In this publication,
as stated by the authors, are contained all the Alabama species referred
to by Berkeley, all contained iu the Peters collection, and those con-
tributed by Peters and Beaumont to Kavenel's Exsiccati ; besides these,

150 PLANT LIKK <>F ALAliAMA.

those collected by Professor Atkinson or liis associates and deposited in
the herl);iriiiiii <)f the Alabama IN)Iyte;;hnic Institute, the material col-
lected by (1. VV. Carver of the Tuskegee JSormal and Industrial Insti-
tute in Macon (3ounty, and the si)ecies reported upon by the authors
iu later i)aiK'rs from material collected in 189.") and subsequently.

The following list of the Alabama fungi has been kindly furnished
by Prof. F. S. Earle. The writer takes this occasion to express his
gratitude for this valuable contribution to his catalogue of Alabama
plants.

Introductory to this list Professor Karle makes the following remarks:

111 the rreliniiiiarj- List of Alabama Fungi, of Uiuleiwootl and Karle, published
(luring the summer of 18!t7 ' 1,110 species were noted as occurring iu the State, and the
distribution by counties was given. At about the same time Professor Atkinson
published his list of 644 species, which appeared as Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 1, of the
Cornell University. Two hundred and thirty-two of the species were not given iu
Bulletin 80.

These two publications are the basis of the following list, though it contains a
number of additional species not reported in either of them.

The nomenclature adopted is essentially that of P^ngler & Prantl, Die Natuer-
lichen Pflanzenfamilien. This necessitates the change for good reason of a few of
the Saccardian generic names that were used in the above publication. The setiuence
of orders and families is that of Engler & Prantl's work, the genera and species
being arranged alphabetically.

To this the writer has to add that, in order to bring his list into
accord with the idan adopted in the present work, the genera had also
to be systematically arranged according to the work of the above
authors, and the authority for each genus had to be given. Further
have been added citations for the more recently described species,- the
names of collectors in Alabama, and the distribution of species by
States, as far as could be ascertained from the various State floras,
occurrence iu Europe being also noted.

Division EUMYCETES. Fungi.

Class PHYCOMYCETES.

Order CH^^TRU^IALES.

Family SYNCHYTRIACEAE.

SYNCHYTRIUM De Bary &, Woronin,

Synchytrium decipieus Farlow.

Ala. Bull. 135.3

On Falcata comosa. Deka]l> County, May, 1896 (Underwood <f- Earle).

• This Bulletin was dated April, 1897, but was not issued till about July 1.

-Except when the public:ition occurred in either the Alabama or the Cornell
Bulletin.

3 "Ala. Bull." denotes Bulletin No. 80 of the Alabama Agricultural Exjieriment
station, referred to in the introduction.

FUNGI. 151

Synchytrium fulgens Schroet.
Ala. Bull. 13.").

On Oenothera laciniata. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <)■ Earle).
Europe.

Synchytrium pluriannulatum (B. & C.) Farlow.
Grevillea, 3 : 57, under Uromyces. Ala. Bull. 135.
On Sanicula sp. (Peters).

Order TvIUCORALES.

Family MUCORACEAE.

MUCOR (Micheli) Link.

Mucor beaumontii B. A- C.

Grevillea, 3:148. Ala. Bull. 136.
On Brassica oleracea {Beaumont).

SPORIDINIA Link.

Sporidinia aspergillus (Scop.) Schroet.
Peters coll. Xo. 130, as Mucor ramosus Bull. Ala. Bull. 136.
On decayiug Boletus sp. Lee County, July 10, 1896 ( Uiiderwood).
Europe.

Order SAPROLEGNI^LES.

Family SAPROLEGNIACEAE.

SAPROLEGNIA Nees.
Saprolegnia declina Humph.

Cornell Bull. 14. i

On dead Hies in water. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).

Saprolegnia mouoica Pringsh.

Cornell Bull. 14.

On dead flies in water. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).

Europe.

ACHLYA Nees.
Achlya americana Humph.

Cornell Bull. 14.

On dead flies in water. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).

Achlya apiculata De Bary.
Cornell Bull. 14.

On dead flies in water. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Europe.

Achlya oblongata globosa Humph.
Cornell Bull. 14.
On dead flies in water. Lee County, Auburu (Atkinson).

Order F»ER0>>I0SF'0RALE:S.

Family ALBUGINACEAE.

ALBUGrO (Pers.) Kuntze. (Cystopus Lev.)

Albugo aniaranthi (Schw.) Kuntze.

Ala. Bull. 136. Cornell Bull. 14, as Cystopus hliti (Biv.) lie Bary.

On leaves of A marantlms relroliexns. Lee County, Auburu, .luno 20, 1890 (Atkinson).

On leaves of Amaranthus sjnnosns. Lee County, Auburn, .June 20, 1890 (Atkinson).

On Amaranthus sp. Hale County, May, 1896 ( Underwood) ; Lee County, July. 1896
( Underwood <)• Earle).

1 " Cornell. Bull." denotes the Cornell University Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 1, referred to
in the introduction.

Ifj'J TLANT T.IFK OK ALABAMA.

Albugo Candida (IVrs. ) Kuiitzo.

Ala. Hull. i:!ti. Coniill Uiijl. 1 1, under (\v8topns.

On ArahiH viifiiuitii. Lce('oiiul.\, April, IS'.U\ { I'ndvrwooil ,\- Earh).

(>u l.ipitUum riri/iuiciim. Let; Coiiuty, Maidi. l.'^'tO ( /.'. N. r.divurdn).

On Sviiibivni kj). Lee C'onuty. .May, IX\^{) ( I'lidenvood ,\- Knrh).

On L('i)idiuni, cultivated ereas, ete. Lee County, Auburu (JtWnaow).

Lnrtipe.

Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae (Scliw.) Swinf^le.
.Ma. Hull. i:^(). Cornell Hull. 14, under Cystopns.
()u Ipumom batatas. Lee County, Auburn, .luly, 1890 (Atliuxon).
On Ipomoea pandurata. Lee County, July, 18!lti ( I'uderuood il- Karle).
( )n Ipomoca purptirra. Lee County, .luuc, 18*J0 {Atlinxon ).
( )n Jaaiminuiitia ( Ipomoca ) tamiiifolia. Lee County, July, 18fKj ( Utidcriiood <>• Earlc).

Albugo portulacae (1>C.) Kuut/.e.

Ala. Hull. 130. Cornell Hull. 11, under Cystopns.

On leaves of I'ortulaca oleracca. Lee County, Auburn, July ;>, 1S90 {Atkinnon).

Albugo tragopogonis (Pers.) S. F. Gray.

Ala. Hull. 130. Cornell Hull. 14, under Cystopu.s.

On leaves of Amh'oaia artemisiaefolia. Montgomery County, IMke ro.id, .June, 1890
(Atkinison).

On Trariopogon porrifolius. Lee County, May 5, 1890 (Athin.son).

Europe.

Family PERONOSPORACEAE.

BASIDIOPHORA Koze A. Cornu.

Basidiophora entospora Roze A Cornu.

Cornell Hull. 15.

On leaves of an Aster or an Erigeron. Lee County, Auburn, February, V:<90 {Atkinson).

Europe.

BREMIA Kegel.
Bremia lactucae Kegel.

Cornell Hull. 15.

On leaves of Lactnca sp. Lee County, April, 1897 ( Earle <y- Jiaker).

Europe.

PERONOSPORA Cornu.

Peronospora alsinearum (aspary.

Cornell Hull. 15.

On leaves of Cerastium sp. Lee County, Auburn, February and December, 1890
{Atkinson).

Europe.

Peronospora alta Fkl.
Cornell Hull. 15.

On leaves of rhuitaf/o sp. Lee County, Auburn, April 17, 1890 (Atkinson).
Eur()])t*.

Peronospora arthuri Farlow.
Ala. H,ull. 137. Cornell Hull. 15.
On leaves of Oenothera laciniata. Lee County, Auburn, March 24, 1890 (Atkinson).

Peronospora calotheca De Bary.

Cornell Hull. 15.

On leaves of Ifoustonia ^mtens. Lee County, Auburn, March 2.3, April 15, 1890
(Atkinson).

Europe.

This is the same fungus mentioned below as P. seymonrii Burrill. Both names are
retained as it is impossible at present to decide which is the correct determination.

Peronospora lamii (Al. Braun) De Bary.

Ala. Bull. 137. Cornell Bull. 15.

On leaves of Lamium um^lcxioaule. Lee County, Auburn, January, 1890 (B. S.
Edwards).

Europe.

FUNGI. 153

Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.

Ala. Bull. 137. Coruell Bull. 15.

On Brassica oleraeeu. Mobile, Mnrch, lS9fi {Reese).

On leaves of several species of Cruciferae. Lee County, Auhuru, in late winter
and early siiring (Atkinson).

On Cardamine hirsitla. Macon County, 1897 (Career).

ilurope.

Peronospora plantaginis Underw.
Ala. Bull. 137.
On PUmtiKjo arislata. Lee County, May, 1896 (Earle).

Peronospora seymourii Burrill.'
Ala. Bull. 137.
On Houstonia patens. Lee County, March, 1896 (Underwood c^- Earle).

Peronospora trifoliorum De Bary.

Cornell Bull. 15.

On leaves of TrifoUum caroJiniatitim. Lee County, Auburn, December 27, 1891;
January 24, 1892 (Atkinson).

Eiirojie.

Peronospora violae De Bary.

On Tlola raHnesqii ( V. tenella). Lee Countv, February, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Lee County,
April, 1897 (Earle).

On Viola tricolor, the cultix'tited pansy. Lee County, April, 1897 (Earle).

Europe.

PLASMOPARA Schroet.

Plasniopara geranii (Peclc) Berl. & De Ton.

Ala. Bull. 137. Cornell Biill. 15.

On Geranium caroiinianum. Lee County, Auburn, December to April, 1890 (Atkin-
son); Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood cf Earle).

Plasniopara halstedii (Farlow) Berl. & De Ton.
Ala. Bull. 137. Cornell Bull. 15.

In leaves of Gnaphalinm piirpnreiim. Lee County, Auburn, June, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Bidens frondosa. Lee County, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
In leaves of Bidens sp. Lee County, Auburn, August 27, 1891 (Atkinson).

Plasmopara obducens Schroet.
Ala. Bull. 137.

On Impatiens aurea. Lee Countj% April, 1896 ( Underwood ij- Earle).
Europe.

Plasmopara viburni Peck.

On Vihurnum nudum. Lee County, November, 1897 (Earle).

Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Berl. & De Ton. Gr.\pe Mildew.

Ala. Bull. 137. Cornell Bull. 15.

On Parihenocissus qninqnefolia. Dallas County, May, 1896 ( Underwood tf- Earle).
On Vitis sp., various cultivated varieties. Lee County (Atkinson).
On Fitis rotundifolia. Lee County, October, 1890 (Atkinson).

Order EISIXOXdOF»HXHORALES.

Family ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE.

EMPUSA Cohn.
Empusa apiculata Thaxter.
Cornell Bull. 14.
On a dipterous insect. Lee County, Auburn, January, 1890 (Atkinson).

Empusa muscae (Fr.) Cohn.
Ala. Bull. 136.

On dead flies. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood </• Earle).
Euroiie.

' See note under Peronospora calotheca.

154 PLANT LIFK <>F ALAHAMA.

Class ASCOMYCETES.

Family EXOASCACEAE.

EXOASCUS F1<1.

Exoascus alnitorquiis iTul.) .). Kiiehn.

Ala. Bull. 17."..

On Ahiiis niiiuxa. Lt-e County, 18^0, April, l«i)l (Atkinson); Dociuiiber, 1893 (Ihuj-
f/ar); April, 18% {Uudcncood i)- Jiarle).

Ezoascus pruni Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 175.

Ou I'rnnns serot'tna. Lee County, 1891 ( AtkinHon).
On I'runus antjuatifoHd. Lee County, 1890 {Atkinnon).
New Jersey. Europe.

Exoascus deformans (]>erk.) Fkl.
Cornell Bull. 18.
On leaves oi Amygdalus prrsica, the iieach. Leo County, Auburn {Atkinson).

Exoascus farloAvii Sudelieck.
Ala. Bull. 175. Cornell Bull. 13.
On J'rnnus set'otina. l^ee County, Auburn, 1892 (Atkinson).

Exoascus australis Atkinson, I'.uU. Torr. Club, 21 : 379. 1894.

Ala. Bull. 17.5. Cornell Bull. 13.

Ou the leaves of Carpinus caroliniana. Lee County, Auburn, April 30, 1892
(Atkinson).

Exoascus mirabilis Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 175. Cornell Bull. 13.
Ou Prnnus angusti/olia. Lee County, Auburn, April, May, 1890, 1892 (Atkinson).

Exoascus rhizlpes Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 175. Cornell Bull. 13.
On I'runns triflora, the Japanese plutn. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).

Exoascus varius Atkinson, Bull. Torr. ( lub, 21 : 378. 1894.

Ala. Bull. 176.

Ou I'runus strotina. Lee County, Auburn, ^lay, 1891 (Atkinson).

TAPHRIA Fr.

Taphria coerulescens (Mont.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 176. Cornell Bull. 13.

On Quercus ni;/ra ((J. aqualica). Lee County, Auburn, 1892 (Atkinson).
Ou Quercns phdlos. Lee County, Auburn, \?>^Q (Atkinson).
On Quercns minor. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On QnercKS marilandiea. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Quercus ditiitata. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Quercus rul>ra (Atkinson. )

On Quercus hrevifolia. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson),
New .Jersey. Europe.

Taphria virginica Sadeb. »S: Seym.
Ala. Bull. 176.
Ou Ostrija liyrjiniana. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).

FUNGI. 155

Order HET.VELL^VLES.
Family GEOGLOSSACEAE.

MITRULA I'ers

Mitrula phalloides (I5nll.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 206.
(Beaumont.)

Damp soil iu woods. Le« County, May, 1896 ( Underwood <)r Earle).
Europe.

GEOGLOSSUM Pers.

Geoglossiim peckianum Cooke.

Peteis coll., as G. (jliitino'^um. Ala. Bull. 206.
Winston County, 1862 {Peters).

LEPTOGLOSSUM (Cooke) Sacc.

Leptoglossum alabamense Underwood, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 82. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 2(16.
On the ground. Lee County, Auburn, July ( Underwood).

Family HELVELLACEAE.

MORCHELLA Dill.

Morchella esculenta (L. ) Pers.
Ala. Bull. 207.

In sandy pine woods. Mobile County, October (Mohr).

On the ground in low places. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <f- F.arle).
New Jersey. Europe.
The most esteemed of edible species.

Family RHIZINACEAE.

PSILOPEZIA Berk.

Psilopezia flavida B. tfe C.
Grevillea, 4 : 1. Ala. Bull. 206.
On wood of Quercus alba {Fetem).

RHIZINA Fr.

Rhizina inflata (Schaeff.) Karst.
Ala. Bull. 206.

On the ground. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood <y- Earle).
Europe.

Order PEZIZALES.

Family PEZIZACEAE.

LACHNEA Fr.

Lachnea scutellata (L.) Sacc.
Peters coll. 1 : 32. Ala. Bull. 202.
On decayed wood (Peters).
Winstou County, June, 1896 ( Underwood),
Europe.

ir)(> PLANT I. IKK (»K ALABAMA.

SPHAEROSPORA .S:i. <■.

Spbaerospora confusa Cooke.
Ala. hull. lid.").
Oil burnt ;j;roun(l in i1;imi|> woods. Let- County, .Inly, ISIKJ ( I ndmrood .f- Karlt).

PLICARIELLA Sacc

Plicariella exasperata (H. A. C.) Sacc.

(iiev illea, 3: 1.")-!, under I'ezi/a. Ala. Uull. L'dO, under Hurlae.i Sai<'.
On luirnt earth (I'ctern).

PEZIZA Dill.
Peziza acetabulum L.

Ala. Hull. L'OO, under Aeetabnla.

f)n ffronnd in ]>iue woods. Lee County, April, IHUlj ( (iideruood <f- Karle).

Ohio, New .lersey. Europe.

Peziza spissa Berk.

Grevillea, 3 : l.'i2. Ala. Bull. 202, under Hnniaria.
On the giound {Peters).

Peziza maciopus Per.s.

Peters coll. 3: 17. Ala. I'.ull. 203, under Macropodia.

July, 185."> (Peters).

South Carolina, New Jersey. Kuroi)e.

Peziza pubida B. & C.

Ala. Bull. 203, under Macropodia.
On the ground (Peters).

Peziza sch'weimtzii Sacc.

Ala. Bull. 20.3, under Macrojjodia.
Lee County (AtJdnson).

Peziza aurantia Pers.

Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 204.

On the f^round. Lawrence County, November. 1864 (Pc/ers) ; LeeConntv, l>eceMi-
ber, 1806 (A'ar/e).

Peziza badia Per.s.
Ala. Bull. 204.

On the ground. Leo County, March, 18!)(i ( I'nderwood .)• Earle).
New Jersey.

Peziza chlora Schw.
Rav. Fnng. Car. Exsic. 5 : 30. Ala. Bull. 204.
( Peters. )

Peziza cochleata L.

Peters coll. 1 : 20. Ala. Bull. 204.

( Peters. )

Peziza decolorans B. & C.

Grevillea, 3 : 150. Ala. Bull. 204.
On the ground (Peters).

Peziza petersii Berk.

Grevillea, 3 : 150. Ala. Bull. 205.
On burnt ground (Peters).

Peziza vesiculosa Bull.

Lee County, Anl)urn, January 8, 1899 (Mrs. F. S. Earle).
New England, New Jersey. Europe.

OTIDEA Pers.

Otidea euplectra Cooke.

Grevillea, 3 : 151, as Peziza phlebophura B. & Br. var. Ala. Bull. 204.
On moist sandy soil (Peters).

FUNGI. 157

Family ASCOBOLACEAE.

ASCOBOLUS I'ers.

Ascobolus brunneus Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 200.
On cow dung. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).

Family HELOTIACEAE.

BELONIUM Sacc.

Belonium eustegiaeforme (B. »fc C.) Sacc.

Rav. Fung. Am. Exsic. 310, under Peziza. Ala. Bull. 200. Cornell Bull. 13.

On dead canes of Artindinaria teeia. Macon County, Shorter, July 16, 1890 {Atkin-
8ov); Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood 4'- Earle).

South Carolina.

CHLOROSPLENIUM Fr.

Chlorospleiiium versiforme (Pers.) Karst.
Grevillea, 3 : 160. Ala. Bull. 202.
On Quercus sp. (Peters).

SARCOSCYPHA Fr.

Sarcoscypha occidentalis (Schw.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 3 : 153. Ala. Bull. 205.
On the ground (Peters).
New York, Ohio.

LACHNELLA Karst.

Lachnella extricata (B. «&. C.) Sacc.

Peters coll. Grevillea, 3 : 152. Ala. Bull. 202.
On some umbelliferous plant (Peters).

Lanzia rugipes (Peck) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 203.
Lee County (Atlinso7i).

LANZIA Sacc.

OMBROPHILA Fr.

Onibrophila decolorans (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 6, under Bulgaria. Ala. Bull. 203.
On decayed wood of Quercus (Petcra).

DASYSCYPHA Fr.

Dasyscypha arundinariae (Berk.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 202. Cornell Bull. 13.
On Arundinaria. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood .)'• Earle).

Dasyscypha calycina (Schum.) Fkl.
Peters Coll. 3 : 16. Ala. Bull. 202.
On Pinus (Peters).
Europe.

Dasyscypha leucodernia (Berk.) Kohm.
Ala. BuB. 202.
On Pinus. Lee County, March, .July, 1896 ( T'nderwood .f- Earle).

158 PLANT LIFK OF ALABAMA.

ERINELLA Sa<c.

Eriiiella sp.

Tcters coll. 1 : 28, as re:i:n alhoriolavca A. & S. Al;i. r.nll. L'O'i.
Uu Magniiliu (I'cters).

HYMENOSCYPHA I'r.

Hymenoscypha sacchariferum (Herk.) Link.

(iit'villf:!, 3: 157, uuder I'eziza. Ala. Hull. 'JO."), a.s I'seitdoheloliiDn nucchurifirum
(H.rk.) Sacc.

Oil l^iiiiiidauibar (Peters).

HymeuoscypliH soleniiformis (B. A- C.)

(Jievillea, 3 : ItiO. uiuler Tezi/.a. Ala. Bull. 205, niuler rczizella.
Oil dead wood {Peters).

Hymenoscypha (Phialea) cyathoidea (Hull.) Gill.
(iievilU-a, 3 : ItJO, luuler J'e/.iza. Ala. ]5ull. 205.
(J'ctcrs.)
Canada, New England, Pennsylvania, New .Icrsey.

Hymenoscypha translucens Gill.

Cornell Hull. i:>, under Pezizella.

On decaying wood. Macon County, Shorter. .July 10, 1890 ( .iildvHoii) ; Lee County,
Auburn, winter 1891.

Hymenoscypha (Phialea) fructigena (Hull, i (Jill.
Ala. Hull. 205.
On hickory shells. Lee County {Atkinii07i).

Family MOLLISIACEAE.

BELONIDIUM .Mont. A: Dur.

Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) De Not.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 :41, under Pezizn. Ala. lUill. 200.
On l^iriodendron {Peters).
Pennsylvania, South Carolina. Europe.

NIPTERA I r.

Niptera atro-fusca (H. & C.) llnderwood & Earle.

Grovillea, 3 : 156, under Peziza. Ala. Hull. 203.
On dead wood (Peters).

ORBILIA Fr.

Orbilia vinosa (A. &. 8.) Karst.
Peters roll. 3 : 26. Ala. Bull. 204.
On Liriodendron (Peters).
South Carolina. Europe.

PYRENOPEZIZA Fkl

Pyrenopeziza atrata (Pers.) Fkl.

(irevillea, 3 : 159, under Peziza. Ala. ISull. 205.
On Solidago (Peters, Bcaumout).

OMBROPHILA Sacc,

Ombrophila decolorans (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4:6, under Bulgaria. Ala. Hull. 203.
On Quercus (Peters).

FUNGI. 159

Family CELIDIACEAE.

AGYRIUM Fi.

Agyrium brunneolum B. & C.

Grevillea,-4:6. Ala. Bull. 200.
On roots of pine {Beaumont).

Agyrium rufiim (Pers.) Fr.
Grevillea, 4 : 6. Ala. Bull. 200.

On dead wood of Tsuga canadensis. Winston County (Peters).
Europe.

Family PATELLARIACEAE.

HYSTEROPATELLA Eehm.

Hysteropatella prostii (Duby) Rebm.
Ala. Bull. 197, under Hysterium.

On Quercus. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).
Europe.

PATELLARIA Fr.

Patellaria atrata (Hedw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 203, under Lecauidion.

On Liriodendron. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood li"- Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.

PATINELLA Sacc.

Patinellainquinans (Cooke) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 204.
On dead wood. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood cf Earle).

Family CENANGIACEAE.

CENANGELLA Sacc.

Cenangella ravenelii (Berk.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4:3, under Tympanis. Ala. Bull. 200.
On Ilex prinoidcs {Peters).

CENANGIUM Fr.

Cenaiigium cephalanthi (Schw.) Fr.
Grevillea, 4:4. Ala. Bull. 200.
On Ceplialanthusoccidentalis {Peters).

Cenangium contortum B. & C.
Peters coll. 1 : 149. Ala. Bull. 201.
On dead wood {Peters).

Cenangium maguoliae B. & C.
Grevillea, 4 : 5. Ala. Bull. 201.
On Persea {Beaumont).
On Laurus {Peters).

Cenangium leptospermum B. «fc C.
Grevillea, 4 : .5. Ala. Bull. 201.
On Tsuga canadensis. Winston County {Peters).

Cenangium ustale (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 3 : 152, under Peziza. Ala. Bull. 201.
On decayed twigs {Peters).

1('>() PLANT I.IKK OK A LA HAM A.

BULGARIA 1 r.

Bulgaria inquiuaiis (Pits.) Fr.

K'av. Fun-,'. Car. Kxsif. 5 : J3. Aln. Hull. 200.

On (JinrciiK rcluthio. La\vrenr« County (I'elern).

(U'orgia to Now Jersey. KurDjx'.

DERMATEA 1 r.

Derniatea rubi (Lib.) Keliin.

(irevillea, 4:2, as J'tttcUaria rhaharhurina Berk. Ala. IJull.L'OJ, as I'e:iciiln rhahar-
bariiia (Berk.) TuL

On Coriius amo)nuin {J'etcrs).

Europe,

TRYBLIDIELLA Sacc.

Tryblidiella rufula (Sprang.) Sacc.
Peters coll. 3: GO, Ala. Bull. 198.
On Rhus {I'elers, Jleaiimont).
Ou (lead twigs. Lee County, .January, 1896 ( Underwood i^- Karle).

Tryblidiella rufula microspora (E. & E.) Underwood »t Earle.
Ala. Bull. 1!I8.
On Melia iccdavdch. Leo County, March, 1896 (Undenvood .(• Juirle).

Order l^HACIDIALEe^.

Family STICTIDACEAE.

XYLOGRAMMA Wallr.

Xylogramma graminis Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 14.
OuBtams of Chrysopof/onavenaceus. LeeCountj', Auburn, Noveniberl, 1891(/^H(75rar).

Family TRYBLIDIACEAE.

SCLERODERRIS Fr.

Scleroderris arundinariae Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 14,
On dead canes of Arutidinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn, .July 27, IH^'^O {Atkinson).

Scleroderris concinna (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 5, under Cenangiuiu. Ala. Bull. 199.
On Sassafras (Feisrs).
Soutli Carolina.

URNULA Fr.

Urnula craterium (Scliw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 206.

On the ground. Leo County, March, 1896' ( Undenvood 4'' Karle).
New Jersey, Ohio.

Family PHACIDIACEAE.

DOTHIORA Fr.

Dothiora asterinospora (E. & E.) Sacc.

Ray. Fung. Car.Exsic. 3:36, as Tympanic i^inastra V>. & C. Ala. P.ull. 199.

On Ilex {I'elers).

On living bark of various trees. Lee County, January, February, ^larch, 1896
( Underwood ij- Earle).

FUNGI. 1(')1

PHACIDIUM Fr.

Phacidium brunneolum Peck.

On Galium. Lee County, Auburn, 1897 {Earle .)■ Baker).
Phacidium elegantissimum B. & C.

Grevillea, 4 : 8. Ala. Bull. 199.

Ou leaves of Ilex opaca {Peters).

COCCOMYCES De Not.

Coccomyoes juniperi Karst. ( ?).
Peters coll. 1 : 150, as Rhytisma petersii B. & C. Ala. Bull. 198.
On bark of .Juniperus {Peters).

Coccomyces triangularis (Schw.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 198.
On oak. l^ee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).

RHYTISMA Fr.

Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr.

Ala. Bull. 199. Cornell Bull. 13.

Ou Acer ruhruvi. Lee County, Auburn, July 22, 1891 {Bugqar (f- Newman) ; Novem-
ber, 1895 ( Undenvood) ; March, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle); October, 1896 {Earle).

Ohio, New Jersey. Europe.

Rhytisma curtisii B. & Eav.

Ala. Bull. 199. Cornell Bull. 14.

On leaves of Ilex opaca. Lee Couuty, Auburn, September 13, 1891 {Atkinson) ; Lee
County, April, 1896 ( Underwood t)- Earle).

South Carolina.

Rhytisma solidaginis Schw.
Ala. Bull. 198. Cornell Bull. 14.

On Solidago canadensis. Lee Couuty, 1891 {Newman).
On various species of Solidago. Lee Couuty, Auburn {Atkinson).
New York, New Jersey.

Rhytisma ilicis-canadensis Schw.

On Hex verticillata. Lee County, Auburn, November, 1897 {Earle).
Rhytisma vaccinii (Schw.) Fr.

Ala. Bull. 199. Cornell Bull. 14.

On living leaves of Vaccininm arboreimi. Lee Couuty. Auburu, 1891 {Atkinson).

South Carolina, New Jersey.

Rhytisma tostum B.&. C.

Grevillea, 4 : 9. Ala. Bull. 199.

On leaves of Quercus laurifoUa {Beaumont).

Rhytisma decolorans Fr.

Ala. Bull. 199.

On Xolisma ligustrina. Lee Couuty, January, 1896 ( Undertvood tj- Earle) ; Macon
County, August, 1896 {Carver).

Order HYSTERIALES.
Family HYPODERMATACEAE.

HYPODERMA DC.

Hypoderma ilicinum De Not.
Ala. Bull. 197.

On dead leaves of Quercus sp. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood i) Earle).
On Quercus nigra {Q. a([uatica). Lee County, .July, 1896 { Underwood .)• Earle).

15894 11

162 I'LANT I, IKK OK A l,A|{A.M A.

ANGELINA I r.

Angelina nifescens (Srhw. i Diiliy.

Kav. I'unjj. Car. Exsic. 5: IJ, as .lurohnlus coiii/lotneradts ^chw. Ala. \i\\\\. IIM).

Oil (^ucrtua (iV/ers).

South Carolina, New Jersey.

LOPHODERMIUM Cliev.

Lophodermium arundinaceuni (Schrad.) Chcv.

Ala. liull. 198.

On Jrinidiiiaiia sp. Leo Couuty, January, 1896 ( Underniiod <>■ Jutrle).

Lophodermium culmigenum (Fr. ) Karat.

Ala. Bull. 198.

On (load sLcaths of Arnndinaria. Lee County, .January, 1896 ( Underwood .|- Karle).

Pennsylvania.

Lophodermium cyrillicolum Tracy «&- Earlo.

Ala. Bull. 198.

On CijriUa raceniijiora. hi'e County, April, 1896 {Underwood .\- Juiric).

Lophodermium petersii (B. A C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 13, under Hysterium. Ala. Bull. 198.
On Junipems (Peters).

Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chev.

Ala. Bull. 198.

On dead needles of Piniis eehinata. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood .y- Earle).

Lophodermium rubiicolum Earle, Bull. Torr. Club. 25 : 365. 1898.
On Rubus. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood (^- Earle).

RHYTIDHYSTERIUM Speg.

Rhytidhysterium scortichinii Sacc. & Berl.

Cornell Bull. 12.

On Toxylon })omiferum (Madura anrantiaca). Hale County, Gallion, August 14,
1894 (Dugfjar).

Family DICHAENACEAE.
DICHAENA Fr.

Dichaena faginea (Pers.) Fr.

Ala. Bull. 196.

On Fafins americana {F.fvrruginea). Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earle).

Ohio. Europe.

Dichaena sp.
Grevillea, 4:158. Ala. Bull. 196.
On Quercus (Peters).

Family HYSTERIACEAE.

AULOGRAPHUM Libert.

Aulographum confluens Earle.

On d(>ad stems of Kubus. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).

Aulographum pinorum Desm.

Ala. Bull. 196.

On pine needles. Lee County, January, 1891.

GLONIUM Muhl.

Glonium chlorinum (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 12, under Hysterium. Ala. Bull. 197.
On Quercus niijra (Q.aquutica) (lieaumoni).

FUNGI. 163

Glouium lineare augustissimum De Not.
Ala. Bull. 197.
On Liquidambar. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <)• Earle).

Glonium macrosporum Tracy & Earle.
Ala. Bull. 197.

On I'rinnis scrofina. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f Earle).
On Fit lis rot iiiidif alia. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .y- L'arJe).
On Rubus (irgntKS {E. villosus). Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).

Glonium parvulum (Ger.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 197.

On Lirtedendron. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).
On Hicoria. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood ij- Earle).

Glonium stellatum Muhl.

Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 43. Ala. Bull. 197.

(Beaumont.)

On rotten log. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood tj- Earle).

South Carolina, North Carolina, Ohio.

HYSTERIUM Tode.

Hysterium erianthicola Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 13.
On Erianthiis sp. Lee County, Auburn, September 26, 1891 (Atkinson).

Hysterium insidens Schw.
Ala. Bull. 197.
On dead wood. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .)• Earle).

Hysterium macrosporum Peck.

Ala. Bull. 197.

On weathered pine wood. Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood i^-
Earle).

Hysterium pulicare Pers.
Ala. Bull. 197.

On Betula. Macon County, April, 1896 ( Underwood),
Europe.

HYSTEROGLONIUM Rehm.

Hysteroglonium curtisii Duby.
Ala. Bull, 196, under Gloniella Sacc.
On dead stems of Vitis. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood ij'- Earle).

HYSTEROGRAPHIUM Corda.

Hysterographium mori (Schw.) Rehm.

Ala. Bull. 198.

On Gledilsia. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <)■ Karle).

Hysterographium smilacina (Schw.).

Ala. Bull. 196, as Gloniopais smilacis (Schw.) Underwood «fc Earle.
On Smilax. Lee County, 1896.

Hysterographium vulvatum (Schw.) Rehm.
Ala. Bull. 198.

On Quercus sp. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
On Vitis rotundifolia. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood c^- Earle).

Hysterographium praelongum (Schw.) E. «fe E.

Ala. Bull. 196, as (rloniopsis praelonnnm (Schw.) Underwood cV, Earle.
On Morus. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <)• Earle).

LEMBOSIA Ldv.

Lembosia angustifolia Tracy A: Earle.

On Ilex eorinc.ea. Esc:imbi;i County, Floniatou, August S, 1898 (N. M. Tracij).
Lembosia illiciicola Tracy iV Earle.

Ala. Bull. 198.

Ou lUicinmJIoridunaw. Mobile County, March, 1«90 (h'arle).

1()4 ri.ANT MIK OK ALA15AMA.

LOPHIDIUM Kiirst.

Lophidium anonialiim AtUinson.
Conu'Il Hull. 11.'.
Ou culms i)l' Eriiiuthii.s. Lee County, Auburn, Novoinbcr 12, 1801 (JtiKjyur).

Family ACROSPERMACEAE.

ACROSPERMUM Todu.

Acrospermiini foliicolum Herk.

Ou I'alk'u leavi's of Uliniis. Lcc County, P^ebruary, 1897 {Earli; .f- Haker).

Order PLECTASCALES (Aspergillales).
Family ASPERGILLACEAE.

ASPERGILLUS Micbeli.

Aspergillus glaucus (L.) Link.

Cornell Bull. 38.

On decaying leaves of Ipomoea. Lee County, Auburn, .July 23, 1890 {Atkin»on).
Common.

MELIOLA Fr.

Meliola amphitricha Vr.
Ala. Bull. 182.
On Osmanthus americana. Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).

Meliola bidentata Cooke.

Ala. Bull. 182. Cornell Bull. 4.

On Biqnonia eajjreolala. Lee County, Auburn, Septembers, 1891(l'M<7</ar); Mobile
County ,"Marcb, 1896 (Earle).

Meliola manca E. & M.

Ala. Bull. 182. Cornell Bull. 4.

On leaves of Itubiis argntus (E. villosun). Leo County, Auluirn, October, 1891
(Atkinson).

On leaves of Myrica ccrifera. Mobile County, March, 1896 (Earle).

Meliola inartiniana Gaill.
Ala. Bull. 182.
On J'rrsea 2)ahintriK. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Undtrtvood ij- Earle).

Meliola mitchellae Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 182.
On Mitchella repens. Lee County, March, 1896 ( (nderuood <V- Earle).

Meliola nidulaus (Schw.) Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 182. Cornell Bull. 4.

Ou living twigs of Cormis sp. Lee County, Auburn, IS'oveniber 8, 1891 (AtkinHon).
Lee County, April, 1896 ( I'nderwood <f- Earle).

Meliola palmicola Winter.

Grevillea, 4 : ir)8, as Meliola amphitricha. Ala. Bull. 182.
On Sahal sp. {Beaumont).

Meliola tenuis B. & C.

Ala. Bull. 182. Cornell Bull. 4.

Ou leaves of A^'undinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn. October, November, 1891
(Atkinson).

FUNGI. 105

Order F»E:RISF»0RIAT^E;S.
Family ERYSIBACEAE.
SPHAEROTHECA Lev.

Sphaerotheca castagnei Lev.

Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 4.

On liidcns frondosa. Lee (Jounty, Anbnrn, October, 1S89 (Alldnson); November.
1891 (Duggarj.

On leaves of Erechtites hieracifoUa. Lee County, November ;">, 1891 {licntou <(•
Dnygar).

On Lactuca sp. Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).

Obio, New Jersey. Europe.

Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill.

Cornell Bull. 4.

On Humxilus, the hop. Lee County, Aiiburn, autumn, 1889 {AiMnsov).

Sphaerotheca lanestris Hark.

Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 4.

On leaves of Quercus alba. Lee County, Auburn, August 21, December, 1891
(Atkinson).

Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) L^v.

Ala. Bull. 180.

On a cultivated species of Rosa. Lee County, 1890 (Athhifion).

Europe.

PODOSPHAERA Kunze.

Podosphaera biuncinata C. & P.

Ala. Bull. 179. Cornell Bull. 5.

On leaves of Hamamelis virginiana. Lee County, October 28, 1891 (Duggar).

Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) De Bary.

Grevillea, 4 ; 158, as Podosphaera kunzei Lev. Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 5.

On Primus cerasus (Peters).

On Craiacgns sp. Lee County, Auburn, November, 1891 (Benton).

On leaves of Prunns americana. Lee County, Auburn, October 31, 1891 (Duggar).

On Mains mains. Lee County, April, 1896 (Earle).

Europe.

ERYSIBE Hedw.

Erysibe cichoracearum DC.

Ala. Bull. 176. Cornell Bull. 4.

On Amhrosia artemisiaefolia. Lee County, May, 1890 (Atkinson).

On Amhrosia trifida. Perry County, 1890 (Atkinson).

On Aster lateriflorus and A. tradescanti. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson).

On Helianthus annuus. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).

On Willughhya scandens. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

On Phlox sp Mobile County, 1890 (Ca7-l Zimmer).

Ou Solatium carolinense. Lee County, October, 1891 (Atkinson) ; Macon County,
October, 1890 (Cari;er).

On Verbena urticaefoUa. Lee County, October, 1891 (Duggar).

On Xanthium canadense. Lee County, October, 1889 (Atkitison); Macon County,
Auj^ust, 1896 (Carver).

Over the State, and north to Canada.

Europe.

Erysibe communis (Wallr.) Link.
Ala. Bull. 177. Cornell Bulk 4.

On Onagra biennis. Lee County, May, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Pisnm sativum. Lee County, May, 1890 (Atkinson).

On leaves of Oenothera laoiniata. Lee County, Auburn, .June '6, 1890 (Atkinson).
Europe.

!('.<) l'T,.\NT I.IKK OF .\T,.\1?AMA.

Eiysibe liiiodendii Sclnv.

Ala. Mull. 177. Cornell Hull.."..

< >ii li:i\(H of l.iriodtiidruu lulijii/eio. i,c(» Coiiiity. Aiiliiirii, ( (clohei- 28, Ih'Jl

Europe.

MICROSPHAERA L. v.

Microsphaera alni (DC) Winter.

Ala. Hull. 177. Cornell Hull. 5, as .1/. siinUosta H. iV C.

On .//;/«« riifiosd, Lee County, 1891 (.Itkinsou).

On //<.!• sp. Lee County, ISitl (Atkinson).

On Hicdiia s\K Lee County, 1890 (Athivxoti).

On J'hitaniifi occidentalifi. Lee County, 1891 (.Itkinaon).

On Sj/riiKja riihiaria. Lee County, October, \X9(i {Karlc); Macon County, August,
1896 (Carnr); Bullock County, Union Springs (,/. I.. Monlton).

Ou Tecoma radicans. Lee County, 1891 {Atkinson).

New Jersey. Ohio. Europe.

Microsphaera dififusa C. & V.
Ala. Bull. 177. Cornell Bull. 5.
On Meibomia sp. Lee County, 1889 {Atkinson).
Ou Lespedeza striata. Lee County, 1889 {Atkinson); Macon County, OctolMsr, 1896

{C(irver).

Microsphaera erineophila Peck.
Ala. Bull. 178.
On Erineum of Fagus. Lee County, March, 1896 {Earle).

Microsphaera euphorbiae B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 178. Cornell Bull. 5.
Ou Euphorhia nutans. Lee County, Auburn, October 21. 1891 {Durjgar).

Microsphaera grossulariae (Wallr. ) Lev.
Ala. Hull. 178. Cornell Bull. 5.
Ou Samhncus canadensis. Lee County, Auburn, October 13, 1891 {Atkinson).

Microsphaera quercina (Scbw.) Burrill.

Ala. Bull. 178. Cornell Bull. 5.

On Qitercus nigra {Q. aquatira). The form M. calocladophora Atkinson. Lee
County, December, 1890 (Atkinson); Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).

On Quercus phellos. Lee County, 1891 {Atkinson).

On Qnercus sp. Lee County, 1895 {Karle).

On leaves of Quercus marilandica, Q. minor, Q. ruhra, etc. Lee County, Auburn
{Atkinson).

New Jersey, Ohio.

Microsphaera ravenelii Berk.

Ala. Bull. 179.

On Apios apios. Lee County, October, 1896 {Earle) ; Macon County, August, 1896

{Carver).

Microsphaera semitosta B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 179. Cornell Bull. .5.
On leaves of Ceplialanthus occidentalis. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 {.Itkinson).

Microsphaera vacciuii C. «fe P.
Ala. Bull. 179. Cornell Bull. 5.

On Vaccininm sp. Lee County, October 18, 1891 {Du(igar).
Ou Xolisma ligustrina. Lee County, October 10, 1896 {Earle).

UNCINULA L6v.

Uncinula circinata C. & P.

Ala. Bull. 180.

On Acer riibriim. Lee County, 1891 {Atkinson).

Uncinula flezuosa Peck.

Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Hull. 5.

Ou Aescuhis pavia. Lee County, Wright's Mill, near Auburn, .Inly, August, 1890
{Atkinson).

FUNGI. 167

Uncinula geniculata Oer.
Ala. Bull. ISO.
Ou Monis rubra. Lee County, ISitl (Atkinson).

Uncinula macrospora Peck.
Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 5.
On leaves of Ulmus americana. Lee County, Auburn, August C>, 1890 {AtMn.^on).

Uncinvila necator (Schw.) Burrill.
Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 5.

On cultivated species of Vitis, the grape. Lee County, Auburn, 1889 (Atkinso7i).
Ohio.

Uncinula parvula C. & P.

Ala. Bull. 180.

On Celtis occidentalis. Lee Couuty, 1889; Montgomery County, 1891 (Atkinson);
Macon County, August, 1896 (Cancer).

Uncinula polychaeta (B. & C.) Mass.

Kav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 4:68. Grevillea, 4:159, under Erysiphe. Ala. Bull. 180.
On Celtis occidentaJis (Peters). 1891 (Atkinson).

PHYLLACTINIA Lev.

Phyllactinia suffulta (Reb.) Sacc.

Grevillea, 4 : 158, as PhyUactinia guttata Lev. Ala. Bull. 179. Cornell Bull. 5.

On Fagus (Beaumont).

On Alnus rugosa. Lee Couuty, 1891 (Atkinson); Macon County, October, 1896
( Carver) .

On Corntis fiorida. Lee County, Novembers, 1891 (Atkinson).

On Carpinus caroUniana. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

On Crataegus sp. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

On Liriodendron tuUpifera. Macon County, October, 1896 (Carver).

On Quereus nigra ( Q. (Ufuatica). Lee County, February, December, 1890 (Atkinson) ;
Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).

On Quereus marUandica (Q. nigra). Lee County 1890 (Atkinson).

On Quereus phellos. Lee County, December, 1890 (Atkinson).

On Quereus minor. Lee County, November, 1895 (Earle).

On leaves of Ulmus alata. Lee Couuty, 1890 (Atkinson); Macon County, October,
1896 (Career).

On leaves of Ulmus americana. Macon County, October, 1896 (Carver).

New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska. Europe.

Family PERISPORIACEAE.
DIMEROSPORIUM Fkl.

Dimerosporium erysipheoides E. & E.

Cornell Bull. 4.

Ou leaves of Panicum rostratum (P. anceps). Lee County, Auburn, August 24, 1891
(Atkinson).

PARODIELLA Speg.

Parodiella perisporioides (B. & C.) Speg.
Ala. Bull. 182.
On Meibomia sp. Lee Couuty, 1891 (Newman .f- Bugnar).

PERISPORIUM Fr.

Perisporium zeae Desm. (?)

Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 65. Ala. Bull. 182.
On Zea mays (Beaumont).

SCORIAS Fr.

Scorias spongiosa (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 183.

On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, February, 1896 (Earle).
Ou Fagus americana. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood t)- Earle).

KiS VLANT LIKE OF ALABAMA.

ANTENNARIA Link.

Antenuaria seniiovata 1?. A- Hr.

Ala. Hull. l.s'J.

Ou Magnolia rirginiana {M. (/laucti) ( lieaiimovt).

APIOSPORIUM Kmi/.e.

Apiosporium elongatum B. iV Desiii.
Ala. Bull. 181, under Capnodinin.
On Hignonia (/'fibers).

Apiosporium sp.
Ala. Bull. 1X1, as Capnodiuiu sp.

On Chri/saiitliemum sp. Lee County, 1889 (Atkinsov).
On Ne7-ium oleander. Lee CouTity, 1890 (Atkinson).

Family MICROTHYRIACEAE.

ASTERINA L6v.
Asteriiia comata B. & Rav.

Grevillea, 4:10. Ala. Bull. 181 .

On leaves of Ma(jnoUa rinihmuia (M. glauca) (Peters). Mobile County, March, 1896
(Earlc) ; Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).

South Carolina.

Asterina diplodioides B. & C.
Grevillea, 4 : 9. Ala. Bull. 181.
On T^eucothoe, probably L. cateshaei, cited as Andromeda acuminata (Peters).

Asterina pelliculosa Berk.

Grevillea, 4 : 10. Ala. Bull. 181. Cornell Bull. 1, as Dimerosporium orhiculare
B. & C.

On leaves of Jlex opaca. Lee County, Auburn, December 20, 1891 (Atkinson) ; Lee
County, February, April, 1896 (Earle).

Asterina spurca B. & C.

Grevillea, 4:10. Ala. Bull. 181.

On leaves and stems of Mesos2)haerHm rugosum (Hyptis radiafa). Southern Ala-
bama (Beaumont).

MICROPELTIS Mont.

Micropeltis alabamensis Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 359. 1898.

On Magnolia acuminata. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Karle).

Order HA"F»OCRAEALES.
Fanuly HYPOMYCETACEAE.

HYPOMYCES Fr.

Hypomyces aurantius (Pers.) Fkl.

On Polyporus resinosus. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1896 (Underwood ^
Earle).

The specimen reported under this name in the Alabama Bulletin, 185, should be
referred to the following. See Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, 25 : 363.

Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schw.) Tul.

Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5:64, as H. aurantius. Ala. Bull. 185. Cornell Bull. 10.

On Cantherellus aurantiacus (Peters).

On various species of Lactarius and Russula. Lee County, Auburn, Augu.st, 1890
(Atkinson); Lee County, December, 1895 (Earle); Winston County, June, 1896
( Underwood).

Hypomyces xylophilus Peck.
Ala. Bull. 185.

Ou rotten wood. Lee County, November, 1896 (Earle).
Ohio.

FUNGI. 169

CALONECTRIA De Not.

Calouectria curtisii (Berk.) S;icc. (?).
Ala. Bull. 183.
On Arundinaria sp. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Vnderwood if F.arh).

Calonectria polythalama Berk.
Grevillea, 4:46, i.s Nectria. Ala. Bull. 183.
On Liquidambar (Peters).

Family MELANOSPORACEAE.

NEOCOSMOSPORA E. F. Smith,

Neocosmospora vasinfecta (Atkinson) J. G. Smith.

Ala. Bull. 158. Cornell Bull. 48. In both under Fusarium.

In vascular ducts of stems of Gossi/pinm herbaceum. Montgomery County, Mathews,
June 16,1891; Hope Hull, June 17;i891; Pikeroad, July 9, 1891 ; near Montgomery,
September 4, 1891 (Atkinson). Dallas County, Selma, 1892 (Atkinson).

In Hibiscus esculentns. Limestone County, Athens, 1891 (Atkinson).

On Vigna catjang (cowpea) aud Pliaseolus vulgaris (garden bean). Lee County,
Auburn, July, August, 1898 (Earle).

Family NECTRIACEAE.

NECTRIA Fr.

Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fr.

Ala. Bull. 185. Cornell Bull. 10.

On Diatrype stigma. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891 (Atkinson); Lee
County, March, 1896 ( Underwood cS- Earle).

On Etitypella sp. Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).

Nectria meliae Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 364. 1898.

On Melia azedaracli. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood S Earle).
Nectria rubicarpa Cooke.

Ala. Bull. 186.

On Gelsemium semperrirens (?). Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood i|- Earle).

New Jersey.

Nectria saccharina B. & C.
Peters coll. 1 : 165. Ala. Bull. 186.

Nectria viticola B. & C.

Grevillea, 4 : 45, Ala. Bull. 186.
On branches of Vitis (Peters).

GIBBERELLA Sacc.

Gibberella pulicaris (Fr.) Sacc.

Ala. Bull. 184.

Ou living roots of (iossypium herbaceum, the cotton plant. Lee County, November,
1889 (Atkinson).

SPHAEROSTILBE Tul.

Sphaerostilbe coccophila Tul.

Ou Aspidiofus obscurns on oak bark. Lee County, .January, 1897 (Earle).

Sphaerostilbe gracilipes Tul.
Grevillea, 4 : 46. Ala. Bull. 186.
On Platduxia (Peters).

17(^ PLANT T.IKK oK \I-AHAMA.

ELEUTHEROMYCES Fkl.

Eleutheromyces aubulatus (Todo) Fkl.

Cornell Hull. 10.

On decaying ug;iri<-8. Leo County, Auburn ( .Uh'niaon).

Family HYPOCREACEAE.

HYPOCREA li.

Hypocrea apiculata C. A V.
Ala. Bull. 18L
Lee County {.Ukinson).

Hypocrea chromosperma C. & P.

Peters coll. 3, No. 23, laVieled Daedalea sepium Berk. ( ?).

A reexamination of the Peters specimen shows it to he the altove specieB.

Hypocrea citriua d'crs.) Vv.

Ala. Bull. 184.

On Kxklla glandulom. Lee County, July, 1896 ( L'ndrrnood <t KarU).

Louisiana, South Carolina. Europe.

Hypocrea contorta (Schw.) B. & C.

Peters coll. 3 : 68. Ala. Bull. 185.
Hypocrea petersii B. & C.

Grevillea, 4 : 13. Ala. Bull. 184.

(Peters.)

Hypocrea polyporoidea B. & C.

(irevillea, 4 : 1!"). Peters coll. 1 : 152. Ala. Bull. 184.
On Fagus {Peters).

FamUy CLAVICIPITACEAE.

CORDYCEPS Fr.

Cordyceps capitata Fr.
Grevillea. 4 : 13. Ala. Bull. 183.
(Pettis.)
Europe.

Cordyceps ophioglossoides (Ehrh.) Link.
Peters coll. 1 : 54. Ala. Bull. 183.
Winston County, June, 1896 ( Inderivood).

CLAVICEPS Tul.

Claviceps sp. (Sclerotium stage only).

Ala. Bull. 183.

On ('Imisopofion arenaceus. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carrer).

On Erianthiis. Macon County, August, 1896 {Carver).

ECHINODOTHIS Atkinson.

Echinodothis tuberiformis ( B. & Kav. ) Atkinson, Bull, Torr. Club, 21 : 221. 1894 .

Ala. Bull. 184. Cornell Bull. 10.

On ArumUuarla tecta. Lee County, Auburn, August, October, 1891 {Atkiiisun).

South Carolina.

Order DOTHIDEALKS.

Family DOTHIDEACEAE.

DOTHIDELLA Speg.

Dothidella scutula (B. & C.) Sacc.

On Persea. Escambia County, Flomaton (S. M. Tracy).

FUNGI. 171

MONTAGNIELLA Siag.

Moutagniella heliopsidis (Schw.) Sacc.
Cornell Hull. 8.
Ou leaves of Heliopsis sp. Lee County, Auburn, summer aii<l autumn (Alkhisuti).

MYRIOGENOSPORA Atkinson.

Myriogenospora paspali Atkinson, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 225. 1894.
Cornell Bull. 11.
On leaves of Paspalum laeve. Lee County, Auburn, 1894 (Jtk'nison).

OPHIODOTHIS Sacc. ^

Ophiodothis atramentosa (B. & C.) Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 27:121. 1900.

Ala. Bull. 183. Cornell Bull. 10. In both as Dothichlue hypojylon (Peck) Atkinson.

On Andropoffon virginicus. August 30, 1891 (Atkinson).

Ou Eragroatis tenuis. Lee County, Auburn, September, 1891 {Atkinson).

On Kragrostis campesiris. September, 1891 (Atkinson).

Ophiodothis atramentosa aristidae (Atkinson) Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 27:122.
1900.

Ala. Bull. 183. Cornell Bull. 11. In both as Dothichloe aristidae Atkinson.

On stems of Aristida purpurascens. Lee County, Auburn, September 12, October '6,
1891 (Duggar iV- Atkinson).

PHYLLACHORA Nitscb.

Phyllachora ambrosiae (B. & C.) Sacc. •

Grevillea, 4 : 105, under Dothidea. Cornell Bull. 11. Ala. Bull. 195.

On Ambrosia artemisiaefolia (Beaumont), Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Lee
County, 1891 (Duggar).

On Ambrosia trifida. 1891 (Duggar).

Phyllachora beaumontii (B. & C.) Cooke.
Peters coll. 1 : 194. Ala. Bull. 195.
On Prunus caroUniana. Macon County (Ileaumont).

Phyllachora cynodontis Niess.
Cornell Bull. 11.

On Sporobolus indicus. Lee County, Auburn, .July 25, 1890 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Andropogon sp. Macon County, Shorter (Atkinson).
Europe.

Phyllachora cornuospora Atkinsoji.
Cornell Bull. 11.
On leaves of Panicum elongatum. Lee County, Aul)urn, August 27, 1891 (Atkinson).

Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 195. Cornell Bull. 11.

On Andropogon virginicus. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).
On Paspalum laeve. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).
On Paspalum setaeeum. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Xeicman).
Ou Panicum dichotomum and P. latifoUum. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).
On Panicum sp. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar) ; Macon County, March, 1896 (Carrer).
On Panicum elongatum. Auburn, 1891 (Duggar).
On Sorghum halepense. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Duggar).
On Muhlenbergia diffusa. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Duggar).
On Eragrostis tenuis. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Duggar).
South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.

Phyllachora lespedezae (Schw.) Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 196. Cornell Bull. 12.
On Lespedeza sp. Lee County, Auburn, October 21, 1890 (Atkinson).

Phyllachora ulmi (Duv.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 196.

On Ulmu 8 sp. Macon County, August, 1896 (Coner).
New Jersey. Europe.

172 PLANT LIFE OF ALAT^AMA.

PLOWRIGHTIA Sacc.

Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc.
Al:i. I*.iill.l!l3. Cornell Hiill.it.

On rniniifi atujuHtifoVut. Loc County, November, 1895 ( Underwood .f- Earle).
On rntniis americana. Montgomery County, IMkeroad, 1S91 i Atkinson).
On I'runiis so-othia. Ia'l' County, February, ISilti ( I'liderivood <V- Earle).
On rruints trijhra. Mobile County, January, IS'Hi {Kuric).
On branches of rrunits umhdlata. Lee County, Aui)Uru, 1891 (Nrwrnaii).
New Jersey.

SCIRRHIA Nitscli.

Scirrhia groveana Sacc.
Ala. Hull. 196.
On Typha latifohu. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undernood .!"• Earle).

Scirrhia sporoboli Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 9.
On stems of Sjioroholua asper. Lee Couuty, Auburn (Ditygar ,S- Xewiinm).

Order SPHAERIALES.
Family CHAETOMIACEAE.

CHAETOMIUM Kunze.

Chaetomium olivaceum C. & E.

Cornell Bull. 6.

On (lead stems of Gossypinm herhaceiim. Lee County, Auburu, October 7, 1891
(Atkinson).

Chaetomium pusillum E. & E.

Cornell Bull. 6,

On old paper, covering a culture vessel in laboratory. Lee County, Auburn
{Atkinson).

Family SPHAERIACEAE.

CHAETOSPHAERIA I kl.

Chaetosphaeria brevispinosa Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 0.
On leaf-sbeatlis of Arinidinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn {AthinMn).

Chaetosphaeria pannicola (B. & C.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 187.

On Viti» rotundifolia. Lee County, P^ebruary, 1896 ( Inderwood t)- Earle).
On a cultivated species of Vitis. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood .!'• Karle).

HERPOTRICHIA Fkl.

Herpotrichia rhodomphala (Berk.) Sacc.
Peters coll. 3 : 44. Ala. Bull. 189.
On dead wood {Beaumont).

LASIOSPHAERIA Ces. 4& De Not.

Lasiosphaeria pezizula (B. & C.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 191.
On dead wood. Lee County, January, February, 1896 ( Underwood iV Earle).

Lasiosphaeria rhacodium (Pers.) DeNot.
Ala. Bull. 191.

On rotten wood. Lee Countj', February, 1896 ( i'nderwood cS Earle).
Europe.

FUNGI. 173

ROSELLINIA Ces. & Do Not.

Roselliuia aquila (Fr.) De Not.

Ala. Bull. 193. Coruell Bull. 9.

On dead brauches of deciduous trees. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891
(Atkinson).

On Liriodendroii. Lee County, January, February, 1896 ( i'nderwooil .y- Earle).

Nebraska. Europe.

Roselliuia pulveracea (Elirh.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 193.
On Vitts rotitndifolia. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Vnderxcood <(• Earle).

Rosellinia subiculata (Schw.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 193.
On rotten wood. Lee Coitnty, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).

TRICHOSPHAERIA Fkl.

Tricho.sphaeria underwoodii Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25:363. 1898.
On Arundinariu sp. Auburn, January, 1896 ( Underwood <)■ Earle).

Family CERATOSTOMATACEAE.
CERATOSTOMA Fr.

Ceiatostoma piliferum Fr. (Fkl.)
Grevillea, 4 : 146, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 187.
On Quercus (Peters).
Europe.

LENTOMITA Niess.

Lentomita longirostrata Atkinson.

Cornell Bull. 7.

On stems of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. Lee County, Auburn, October 1, 1891
(Dufjgar).

EamUy CUCURBITARIACEAE.

PR AC CHI AE A Sacc.

Fracchiaea calista (B. &. C. j Sacc.

Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 67. Ala. Bull. 189.
On Carpinus (Peters).

Family AMPHISPHAERIACEAE.
CARYOSPORA De Not.

Caryospora putaminuni (Schw. ) De Not.

Ala. Bull. 186.

On peach pits. Mobile County, December, 1895; Leo County, February, 1896
( Underwood iS' Earle).

New Jersey. South Europe.

OHLERIA Fkl.

Ohleria rugulosa Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 192.

Ou dead wood. Lee County. February, 1896 ( Underwood .)• Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.

174 I'LANT IJKK OK A I, A 15AM A.

Family LOPHIOSTOMATACEAE.

LOPHIOSTOMA 1 i.

Lophiostoina uiessleauuni Saw.

("oriioll Hull. 7.

Ou (lend stems of Ainbn>nlu (irlciiiiHiaefolia. I. oi; County, Auburn, October 1, 1H!U
(DiK/gar).

Family MYCOSPHAERELLACEAE.

GUIGNARDIA Vialii A:. Kavaz.

Guiguardia bidwellii (Kllis) Viala «fc Ravaz.

Ala. Hull, litl, under Laestadia. Cornell Hull. 6, under Carlia.

On Partlienocissus (Anqjelopsiti) quinquefoUa. hav County, Auburn, May 13, 1890
(Athiiison).

On I'itin rotundifolia. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson).

Ou Vitis linifera. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

On a cultivated species of Vitis. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

MYCOSPHAERELLA .lobanson.

Mycosphaerella arundinariae (Atkinson).
Cornell Hull. 9, under Spbaerella.
On leaves of A7-Hndinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn (Atkiuso7i).

Mycosphaerella baptisiicola (Cooke).
Cornell Hull. 9, under Spbaerella.
On leaves of Elymus. Lee County, Auburn, July 5, 1890 (Atkinson).

Mycosphaerella leptopleura (De Not.).

Ala. Hull. 193. Cornell l',ull. 9, un<ler Spbaerella.

On rotting leaves of Secale cereale. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).

Mycosphaerella gossypina (Atkinson).

Ala. Bull. 193. Cornell Hull. 9, under Spbaerella.

On leaves of (lossi/piiim herbaccum. Lee County, Alberta, 1890 (Cathcari); Lee
County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).

Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tnl.) Lind.

Ala. Hull. 193, under Spbaerella. Cornell Hull. 39, as Ramularid tttlasnei Sacc.

On Fraijaria renca, in cultivation. Lee County, Auburn, October, 1890 (Atkinson);
Mobile County, December, 1895 (Earle).

Mycosphaerella colorata (Peck).

Rav. Fune. Car. Exsic. 3 : 71, as Depazea kalmicola iichw. Ala. Hull. 193. Cornell
Bull. 9.

On Kalmia latifoUa (Peters).

On leaves of Kalmia. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson).

Family PLEOSPORACEAE.

APIOSPORA Saec.

Apiospora apiospora (Dur. & Mont.) Underwood &- Earle.
Grevillea, 4 : 144, under Sphaetia. Ala. Hull. 186.
On Arundinaria (Peters).

DIDYMOSPHAERIA Fkl.

Didymosphaena polysticta (H. tt C.) Sacc.

Grevillea, 4 : 149, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 188.
On Smilax (Beaumont).

HEPTAMERIA ifebni. A Thuem.

Heptameria mesoedema ( H. v^- C.l Sacc.
Cornell Hull. (!.
On stems of Eupatorium. Lee County, Auburn, September 17, 1891 (Jhigyar).

FUNGI. 175

LEPTOSPHAERIA Ces. &, De Not.

Leptosphaeria beaumontii (B. &. C.) Sacc.

Grevillea, 4 : 145, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 191.
(1n stalks of grass {Beaumont).

Leptosphaeria elyini Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 7.
On leav'es of Elymus. Lee County, Auburn, .July 5, 1890 {Atkinson).

Leptosphaeria eumorpha (B. «t C.) Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 361. 1898.

Grevillea, 4 : 145, under Sphaeria. Cornell Bull. 6, as Didi/mosjihacria eumorpha
(B. & C.) Atkinson.

On stems of Arundinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn, September 19, 1891 {Buggar).

Leptosphaeria michotii (West) Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 7.

On Elymus. Lee County, Auburn, July .5, 1890 {Atkinson).
Europe.

Leptosphaeria orthogramma (B. & C.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 191.

On Kriatiflnis sp. Macon County, April, 1896.
Pennsylvania.

Leptosphaeria planiuscula (Riess) Ces. & De Not.

Cornell Bull. 7.

On dead stems, probably of Compositae. Lee County, Auburn, May 15, 1891
(Atkinson).

Europe.

Leptosphaeria pomona Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 7.
On Mains mains. Lee County, Gold Hill, September, 1890 {Atkinson).

METASPHAERIA Sacc.

Metasphaeria ambrosiaecola Atkinson.

Cornell Bull. 8.

On dead stems of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. Lee County, Auburn, October 1, 1891
{Dufjgar).

Metasphaeria graminum Sacc.

Cornell Bull. 8.

On dead leaves of Chrysopogon avenaceus. Lee County, Auburn, Sejjtember 12, 1891
{Duggar).

Europe.

Metasphaeria infuscans E. & E.

Ala. Bull. 191. Cornell Bull. 8.

On dead stems of Andropogon virginicns. Lee County, Auburn, September 12, 1891
(Duggar).

Metasphaeria nigro-maculans Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 362. 1898.
On Agave virginica. Lee County, Auburn, July 8, 1896 ( Underwood <j- Earle).

OPHIOBOLUS Riess.

Ophiobolua acuminatus (Sowb.) Duby.
Grevillea, 4 : 150, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 192.
(Peters.)
Europe.

Ophiobolus anguillides (Cooke) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 192. Cornell Bull. 8.
On dead stems of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. Lee County, Auburn, May, 1892

(Atkinson).

Ophiobolus glomus (B. Sc C.) Sacc.

Grevillea, 4 : 152, under Sphaeria. Ala. I'.iill. 192. Cornell liuU. 8.

On Anil)r()sia (Beaumont).

On stems of Ambrosia arteniiniaifoHa. L*'e County, Aul)uru, May, 1892 (-1/A;(»(80«).

17<) PLANT LIFE UF ALABAMA.

Ophiobolua porphyrogouus (Tode) Sacc.

Conioll Mull. 8.

On tlio cut end of a stem uf (iosHtjpium herbaccum. Lee Coiiuty, Auburn, Uctol>er
10, l^<!tl (Atkinson).

New Jersey.

PHYSALOSPORA IS'iessl.

Physalospora carpogena Atkinson.
Cornell JJuU.H.
On seeds of liubiia argutuH {R, viUoaus). Loc County, December 3, 1891 {Duggar).

Physalospora disrupta (B. &, C.) Sacc.
Ala. Hull.l!t2.
On Smihix sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood if- Karle)

Physalospora ilicis (Scblicb.) Sacc.
Cornell Hull. 8.
On Ifex opaca. Lee County, Autumn, 1891 (Atkinson).

Physalospora philoprina (H. & C.) Sacc.
Bull. Torr. Club, 25:361'.
On //e.r opaca. Lee County, Auburn, March, 1897 {Earle <j'- Baker).

Physalospora phlyctanoides (B. «fc C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4:151, under Sphairia. Ala. Bull. 192.
On stems of Dolichos {Beaumont).

PLEOSPORA Eal)enh.

Pleospora herbarum (I'ers.) liabenh.

Grevillea, 4 : 150, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 193.
{Beaumont.)

Pleospora americana E. &. E.
Cornell Bull. 9.

On leaves of Vif/na catjang. Lee County, Auburn, June 30, 1890 (Atkinson).
On stems of Viola tricolor. Lee County, February 23, 1891 (Atkinson).

Pleospora iiigricautia Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 9.
On fallen leaves of Cossypium herbacenm (Atkinson).

UROSPORELLA Atkinson.

Urosporella americana Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 10.
On dead stems of au herb. Lee County, Auburn, .Inly, 1890 (Atkinson).

Family MASSARIACEAE.

MAS SARIN A Sacc.

Massarina chrysopogonis Atkiusdu.
Cornell Bull. 7.
On dead stems of Chrysopot/on uvenaceus. Lee County, Auburn, November 1, 1891

(Atkinson).

MASSARIA DeNot.

Massarla epileuca B. & C.

Grevillea, 4 : 156. Ala. Bull. 191.

On Morns rubra. Lee County, January, 1896 ( f'nderwood if- Earh).

FUNGI. 177

Family GNOMONIACEAE.

GNOMONIA Ce8. & De Not.

Guomoiiia sabalicola Earle, Bull. Ton. Club, 25 : 361. 1898.

On dead petioles of Sabal adansonii. Lee County, Auburu, April 25, July 9, 1896
{ Underwood ijl .Earle) .

Family CLYPEOSPHAERIACEAE.

ANTHOSTOMELLA Sacc.

Anthostoniella eliminata (B. »fc. C.) Sacc.

Grevillea, 4 : 148, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 186.
Ou Smilax {Peters).

Anthostomella sphaerotheca Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25:360. 1898.

On dead petioles of Sabal adanionii. Macon County, Tuskegee, January 20, 1897
(Carver).

CLYPEOSPHAERIA Fkl.

Clypeosphaeria sabaligera (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 147. Ala. Bull. 187.
On Sabal sp. (Beaumoni).

TRABUTIA Sacc. .t Roum.

Trabutia quercina Fr.

Ala. Bull. 194.

On Qiierciis nigra {Q,. aquaiica). Leo County, April, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).

Louisiana.

Family VALSACEAE.

ANTHOSTOMA Nilsch.

Anthostoma atropunctata (Schw.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 186.
On Querctis sp. Lee County, November, 1895 {Underwood).

DIAPORTHE Nitschke.

Diaporthe dichaenoides (B. &■ C.) Sacc.

Grevillea, 4:98, as Melogramma. Ala. Bull. 187.
On Quevcns {Beaumont) .

VALSA Fr.

Valsa (Butypa) spinosa (Pers. ) Tul.
Ala. Bull. 188.

On Quercus. Lee County, February, April, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
Europe.

Valsa (Eutypella) cerviciilata Fr.
Ala. Bull. 188.

On Alnus rugosa. Lee Countj^, February, April, 1896 ( Underwood c^ Earle).
Europe.

Valsa (Eutypellaj heteracantha Ellis.

Ala. Bull. 188, as Eutypella glandulosa (Cooke) E. & E.

On Mella azedarach. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undericood <)'• Earle).

Louisiana.

Ellis, who has since examined the specimens, determined them as above,

15894 12

17S I'l-ANT MKK <»!•• AI-AHAMA.

Valsa (^Eiitypella) platani (Scbw.) ('(loKr.
K'av. Vwujx. Car. Kxsic. 5 : (V2. Ala. I^ull. is.s.
( )ti riatiiinis (rdcrs).
Loiiisian:). New .Icrsox .

Valsa (Eutypella) stellulata I'r.
Ala. I?ull. 1S!».

On Mtlid azcdarach. Ia'v County, March, 18!l<> {rudfmood S' Enrh-).
On Snuinx ^\^. \a'v ('(tniity, I'elniiarv, l><9(i ( I ndirirood .J I'.arle).
Texas, Louisiana, South Carolina, I'euusylvauia, Now Jersey. Europe.

Valsa (Euvalsai americana li. A C.

IVtors (•(.11. 3 : tJ7. Ala. Hull. li)4.
Valsa (Eiivalsa) muiida B. A C.

Grevilloa, 4 : 100. Ala. Bull. 194.

Ou smooth yellow branches of Conius (I'eters).

Family MELANCONIDACEAE.
MELANCONIS Tul.

Melaucouis hicoriae Atkinson.

Cornell Hull. 7.

Ou branches of Ilivoria ovaUi. Leo County, Aulnuii, .January, 1891 {Jtkinsoii).

VALSARIA 1 )(• Not.

Valsaria exasperans (Ger.) E. &, E.
Ala. Bull. 194.
On bark. Lee County, February, 189(j ( (nderwood ,\- Karle^.

Valsaria midicollis (B. A C.) Sacc.

Grevillca, 4 : Ba, under Hypoxylon. Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 363.
Ou pine- wood. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood).
South Carolina.

Family DIATRYPACEAE.

DIATRYPE Fr.

Diatrype disciformis (Hoffni.) Fr.
Grevillea, 4 : 95. Ala. Bull. 187.
{Peters.)
South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Ohio. Euro2)e.

Diatrype platystoma (Schw.j Berk.

Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 5.5, under Hypoxylon. Ala. Hull. 187.

On Ostrya {Peters).

South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey.

Diatrype stigma (Hotlin.) De Not.
Ala. Hull. 187. Cornell Bull. 6.

On dead oak limb. Lee County, Auburn, February 21,', 1X91 (.Itkhison).
On dead limbs. Winston County, .June, 1896 ( Cnderivood).
South Carolina, New Jersey. Europe.

Diatrype tremellophora Ellis.

Ala. Bull. 187.

On Magnolia virgmiaua {M glauca). Lee County, .January, March, 1896 ( Underuood
<J- Earle).

New Jersey.

"Oiatrype virescens (Schw.) Ellis.

Grevillea, 4 :95, as Diatri/pe disciformis rirestens. Ala. Ibill. 1S8.
On Fagus {Peters).
(Jeorgia to New England.

FUNGI. 179

DIATRYPELLA Ces. A: De Not.

Diatrypella cephalauthi (Schw.) Sacc.

Gre\ illea, 4 : 96, nuder Diatrype. Ala. Bull. 188.
Oil Cephalanthiis oecidentaUs {Beaumont).
New .Jersey.

Diatrypella nigro-annulata (Grcv.) E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 188.
On dead twigs. Lee County, .June, 1896 ' Underwood <(■ Earle).

Diatrypella discoidea alni Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 188.
On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, January. May, 1896 ( Undcriiood if luirJe).

Diatrypella quercina (Pers.) Nitscb.

Grevillea, 4 : 95, under Diatrype. Ala. Bull. 188.

On dead oak ( Peters).

South Carolina, New .Jersey. Europe.

Diatrypella vernicae Ellis.

Ala. Bull. 188, as D. quercina.

On dead twigs. Lee County, Auburn, February, 1896 ( rnderwood ij- Enrle), (teste
Ellis).

Diatrypella prominens (Hedw.) E. & E.

Oil Platanuis. Macon County, Tuskegee (Carrer).

Family MELOGRAMMATACEAE.

ENDOTHYA Fr.

Endothia gyrosa (Schw.) FkK

Ala. Bull. 188.

On Liquidaiubar. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undertvood if- Eurlc).
On Quercus. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood if- Earle).
South Carolina.

MELOGRAMMA Fr.

Melogranima nieliae Curt.
Ala. Bull. 191.

On Melia azedaravli . Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <S' Earle),
South Carolina.

Family XYLARIACEAE.

NUMMULARIA Tul.

Nummularia clypeus (Schw.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 192.

On Magnolia acundnata. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, November, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
On Quercus sp. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ; Macon County, August,

1896 (Carrer).
On ntis sp. Lee County. .January, 1896 ( Underwood .f Earle).
South Carolina.

Nnmmularia discreta (Schw.) Tul.

Grevillea, 4:94. under Hypoxylou. Ala. Bull. 192.

On Cercis (Peters).

New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.

Nummularia nummularia (I?ull.) Atkinson.

Coriull P.ull. 8.

On dejid br.'Uiclus ;ni<l trunks of (b'ciduoiis trees. Leo County, Auburn, 1890
(Atkinson).
New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina. Europe.

180 ri.AlS'T 1.1 1'K <»!•• ALAIJAMA.

Nuninuilaiia punctulata ( 1>. A K'av.) Sacc.
Ala. Hull. I!t2.

( >ii .lliniH ruijOHa. Leo County. March, 189B ( rndenvooil ,\ luirle).
On (Jitenitu sp. Le«» Coiiuty. .Mar(;b, 189t) ( Undenvoud .| Eatlc).
South Carolina.

Nummularia lepanda ( Fr. ) Nitscii.

rttiis toll. No. (>(>, under Sphaeiia. Ala. liull. H)2.

On Ccrcia {I'cters).

Europe.

HYPOXYLON Hull.

Hypoxylon anuulatum (.Scliw.) Mont.
Ala. Hull. 180. Cornell Hull. 7.

On dead oak limit. Hale County. Oalliou, August, 18!I0 (Diit/tiar).
On Acer nihrnm. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Cnderiiood .V karle).
On Magnolia virijinidna. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undcnrood .(• I'Jarle).
On Quercns sp. Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood .(• Earlc).
New .Jersey. Ohio.

Hypoxylon atramentosum (Fr.) I'ndcrwooil iV Earle.

Ala. Hull. 189.

On dead wood. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Undcricoodj ; .January, February, 1896
( f'tideruood .V' Earle).

Hypoxylon beaumontii H. &. C.
Ala. Bull. 189.
Conecuh County ( Jleaunioiit).

Hypoxylon callostroma (Schw.) B. A, C.
Grevillea, 4:51. Ala. Bull. 189.
On Jh.r rerticilluta {Beaumont).
Pennsylvania.

Hypoxylon caries (Scbw.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 189.

On Acer. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earle).
On dead wood. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earle).

Hypoxylon coccineum Bull.
Ala. Bull. 189.

On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undertvood .)• Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.

Hypoxylon crocatum Mont.

On Magnolia acuminata. Lee County, winter, 1896 (Earlc).
Hypoxylon crocopeplum B. & C.

Ala. Bull. 189.

On decayed bark. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).

South Carolina.

Hypoxylon decorticatum (Schw.) Berk.
Ala. Bull. 190.

On bark. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood ,j- Earle).
South Carolina.

Hypoxylon fuscum (Pors. j Fr.
Ala. Bull. 190. Cornell Bull. 7.

On dead oak limb. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1889 (AlkinHon).
On Quercus. Hale County, Gallion (Duggar).
On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
On Ostrya virginiana. Lee County, Feljruary, 1S96 ( Underivood k) Earle).
P^urope.

Hypoxylon howeianum Peck.
Ala. Bull. 190.

Lee County, February, 1N96 {Underwood .(• Earle)
New Jersey, Ohio.

FUNGI. 181

Hypoxyloii iusideiis (Schw.) Berk.
Ala. Bull. 190.

On lAriodendron tulipifera. Lee Couuty, February, 1896 ( Underwood l\- Earle).
Texas.

Hypoxylon luridum Xitsch.
Ala. Bull. 190.

On Carpiuus. Lee County, 1896 (Earle).
Europe.

Hypoxylon marginatum (Schw.) Herk.
Grevillea, 4 : 49. Ala. Bull. 190.

On Acer rubnim. Lee Couuty, March, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).
On QuercHS nigra {(,>. a(iuatica). Lee County, March, 1896 i Underwood 4- Earh).
On Quercus (Beaumont).
Ohio, New Jersey.

Hypoxylon perforatum (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 190. Cornell Bull. 6.

On canes of Arundinaria tecta Lee County, Auburn, August 23, 1891 (Dugr/ar).
On Li(iuidanibar. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Undfrwood 4- Earle).
On Quercus. Lee Couuty, January, 1896 ( Underwood .y- Earle).
On Sniilax. Lee County, Jauuary, 1896 ( Underivood 4' Earle).
On Vitis. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).

Hypoxylon petersii B. & C.
Peters coll. 1:158. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10:. 384. Ala. Bull. 190.
On Quercus alha. Winston Couuty (Peters).
Ohio. Cuba.

Hypoxylon investiens 8chw.
Rav. Fung. Car. Essie. 4 : 33. Ala. Bull. 190.
On Liriodendron (Heaumont).

On dead wood. Lee Couuty, March, April, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).
Texas.

Hypoxylon purpureum Nitsch.
CLorneil Bull. 7.

On dead branches. Hale County, Galliou, August 14, 1894 (Duf/f/ar).
Europe.

Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 190.

On dead wood. Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.

Hypoxylon rutilum Tul.
Ala. Bull. 191.

On bark of (Quercus. Winston Couuty, .June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Europe.

Hypoxylon serpens Pers.

Grevillea, 4:93. Ala. Bull. 191.

(Beaumont.)

South Carolina, New Jersey.

Hypoxylon subchlorinum Ell. & Calk.
Ala. Bull. 191.

On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .f Earle).
Ou Carpinus caroliniana. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).
On Uihurnum sp. Lee Couuty, January, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earle).

Hypoxylon xanthoceras B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 191.

On Alnus rugosa. Lee Couuty. February, 1896 ( Underwood ^- Earle).
New England.

USTULINA Tul.
Ustulina vulgaris Tul.
Ala. Bull. 194.

On old stumps. Lee f^ounty, February. March, 1896 ( Underwood .f Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.

\S2 PLANT I-TKK OF AT, A MAMA.

DALDINIA 1».« N«»t.

Daldinia coucentrica (Schw.i d «. A I »f Not.

Ala. 1?m11. 1S7. Cornell Hiill.<;.

On Ma<iiiolia acuminata. Leti Cnnniy. Novi-nibcr. 1X9:' i riHietuond) \ WinHton
County, .lnu<', ISitt! ( I'lulvruood).

On (load trunks of di-ciduous trees. Lre County, rrii;iu«' .hnnt.i<ui, .Inly. l«!t()
( Atkinson).

Daldinia vernicosa (Schw. i Cos. it l)«i Not.

Ala. Hull. 187.

On MtKjuolia ririjiuiana {M. (ihiucn). Loi- County, 1 )iMtMiilirr, ISilti ( EiirU).

New .Jersey.

XYLARIA Hill.

Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev.
Ala. Hull. lit.-). Cornell Hull. 10.
On Acvr nihrum. Lee County, February, 1895.
On olil stumi). Lee County, Auluirn, Marrh, 1891 (.ttkinson).
Louisiana, New .Jersey, Ohio. Europe.

Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) (irev.
Ala. Hull, lit.5. Cornell Bull. 10.

On (lead truuk of Majjuolia. Macon County, Shorter, .July 10, 18M0.
Couidial stage: Lee County, A])ril, 1890 ( tntlerwood c|- Earle).
Asconiycetous stage: Hale County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).
Europe.

Xylaria corniformis Fr.

Ala. Bull. 194.

On Salix. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underu-ood .|^- Earle).

The conidial state (Isaria JiaheUiformis): Lee County. M.'iy. 1890 ( fJwrfencood 4'-
Earle).

South Carolina. Europe.

Xylaria fulvella 15. &.. C.
.Jouru. Linn. Soc. 10 : 380. Ala. Bull. 194.

On Salix. Lee (.'ouuty, February, 1X90 ( Inderwood <V- Earle).
Cuba.

PORONIA Willd.

Poronia oedipus Mont.

Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 40. Al.a. Bull. 193.
On horse dung {Peters).
Texas, New .Jersey. Europe.

SPHAERIA II all. I

Sphaeria coucentrica (B. «fc C.) Bolt.
Grevillea, 4 : 15.5, under Depazea. Ala. Bull. 194.
On leaves of Axarnm rirginicmn.

Sphaeria palmarum Mont.

Grevillea, 4:147. Ala. Bull. 194.
On Sabal {Beaumont).

' The precise relations of the two following Sphaeriales are doubtful. (Earle.)

FUNGI. 183

Class BASIDIOMYCETES.

Order USXILA^CxIX ALES.

Family USTILAGINACEAE.

USTILAGO Pers.

Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Jenseu.
Ala. Bull. 207. Cornell Bull. 16.

Ill inflorescence of Arena sativa. Lee County, Aubnrn, May, 1891 ( Atkivumi).
On Arena satira. Lee County, Mav, 1896 ( Underwood if- Earle).
Ohio.

Ustilago axicola Berk.

Grevillea, 3 :59. Ala. Bull. 207, under Ciniractia.

On Cyperus ( Beaumont).

On Fimbristylis aufumnalis. Lee County, September, 1896 (Earle).

Ustilago euchlaenae Arcang.
Ala. Bull. 207.
On Euchlaena luxurians. Lee County, October, 189.5 ( I'nderivood).

Ustilago rabenhorstiana Kueliu.
Ala. Bull. 207. Cornell Bull. 16, as U. cesatii Fischer.

On Syvtherisma samjuinale. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1889 (Atkinson).
Mississippi, Ohio. Europe.

Ustilago sorghi (Link) Pass.
Ala. Bull. 208.

On Sorghum sp. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Undtrwood).
Nebraska. Europe.

Ustilago sparsa Underwood.

Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 86. 1897. Ala. Bull. 208.

On scattered ovaries of Dactyl octenimn aegyptiitm. Lee County, November, 1895
(Underwood); October, 1896 (Earle).

Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Jensen.
Ala. Bull. 208. Cornell Bull. 16.

On Triticum rulgare. Lee Countv, Auburn, Mav, 1891 (Atkinson).
Ohio.

Ustilago utriculosa (Nees) Tul.

Ala. Bull. 208. Cornell Bull. 16.

On Polygonum hydropiper. Prague, June, 1890 (Atkinson).

In ovaries of Polygonum pennsyl'ranicum. Lee County, Auburn, October 18.1891
(Duggar).

Ohio, New .Jersey. Europe.

Ustilago zeae (Berkm.) Magn.

Ala. Bull. 208. Cornell Bull. 16.

In the inflorescence, canes, and leaves of Zra ma)/.s. Lee County, Auburn, 1891
(Duggar .y- Atkinson).

Nebraska. Europe.

SOROSPORIUM Rudolphi.

Sorosporium syntherismae (.Schw.) Farlow.

Ala. Bull. 207. Cornell Bull. 16, as -S'. ererhartii E. & Gr.

On Andropogon glomeratns. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

On Andropogon scoparins. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

In inflorescence of Andropogon rirginicus. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson).

TOLYPOSPORELLA Atkinson.

Tolyposporella chrysopogonis Atkinson.

Cornell Biill. 16.

On culms of Chn/sojmgon arenacens. Lee County, Auburn, autumn. 1891 (Duggar);
March, 1892 (Atkinson).

1S4 IM.ANI' MFK OK \I.AH.\M.\.

Family TILLETIACEAE.

ENTYLOMA DrHary.

Eiityloma compositarum l':irli>\v.
Ala. Hull. 207.
<)u (inaphallinn 8p. I^ro (.'oiiiity, April, isftt! ( I'lnliricotut .1 Karle).

Eiityloma saniculae Tcck.

Ala. itiill. L'DT. Cornell Hull. If..

Ou Saniciila .sp. Li-o (Joiinty, IWL' (.ItkinHon).

GRAPHIOIiA I'oit.

Graphiola congesta Hrik. iV K'av .
Ala. |{iill.207.
On Sahdl luhnisoiiii. \ahi County, -Inly, 189(5 ( Underwood .V- Karle).

Order ITREi:)TiVy\ I.KtS.

Family MELAMPSORACEAE.

CHRYSOMYXA linger.

Chrysomyxa albida Kuehn.

Ala. linll. 211. Cornell Bull. 16.

On Jitibits argutns (li. rillosua). Macon County, Shorter, July IG, 1H!(() (J/Ai/ison);
Lee County, Auburn, .July 22, 1890, October 2(5, 1891 {Atkinson).'

COLEOSPORITTM Lev.

Coleosporium amsouiae (Fkl.) Underw. &. Earle.
Peters roll. Ala. Bull. 211.
Ou Amioiiia amsonia. 1864 (Peters). Lee County, -Inly, 1896 ( I'nderuood .V- Karle).

Coleosporium elephantopodis (Schw.) Tbuem.
Ala. Bull. 211. Cornell Bull. 16. In both as T-'. 8o?}c/(/arcr»i.s(> (Pers.) Lev. in part.
On Ehphantopus carolinianus. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson, Duggar).
On EleplutntojHts tomentosus. Lee County, 1891 {Bennett. Sewman).
On ElephantopuH nndatm. Macon County, 1890 {Atkinson).

Coleosporium ipomoeae (Schw.) Burrill.

Ala. Bull. 211. Cornell Bull. 17.

On Ipomoea sj). Leo County, 1890 {Atkinson).

On ('onrolnilun sepium. Lee County, September 8, 1891 {Atkinson).

On Ipomoea purpurea. Lee County, Auburn, August 17 (Duggar); September, 1891
{li^euman) .

On Ipomoea pandurata, Lee County, .luly, 1896 {Underwood .y- Earle).

Very abundant.

Coleosporium sonchi-arvensis (Pers.) L^v.

Ala. Bull. 211 . Cornell Bull. 16.

On Astir dumosiis, A. pnniceus, A. iradescanti, and A. undnlatiis. Lee County, 1891
(Atkinson).

On Heliiinthus sp. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar, Atkinson).

On Larinaria graminifolia. Lee County, 1891 {Duggar).

On Solidago rugosa and .S'. caesia. Lee County, 1891 [ Atkinson).

On Solidago canadensis. Lee County, 1891 {Xeivman).

On Solidago sp. DeKalb County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).

Ohio. Europe.

Coleosporium vernoniae B. & C.
Grevillea, 3:57. Ala. Bull. 212. Cornell Bull. 16.
On leaves of Vernonia sp. (licaumont).

On leaves of I'ernonia altissima. Lee County, An\>nrn (Atkinson).
On }'ernonia SY>. Lee County, October, 189.5 {Underwood).
Louisiana, Ohio.

FUNGI. 185

MELAMPSORA CasUgu.

Melampsora farinosa (Pers. ) Scbroeter.
Ala. Bull. 213. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Salix fragilh. Lee County, 1891 (Atkirmon).
On leaves of iSV/7u; nUjra. Lee County {Aikinson, Uiujijar).
On Salix sp. Lee County, 1891 {Dtiggar).
Nebraska.

Melampsora populina (.Jaeq.) Lev.
Ala. Bull. 213. Cornell Bull. 17.

On Populus deltoides (/'. moiiilifera). Macon County, August, 18% (Carver).
On leaves of PopuluH grandidentata.^ Lee County, 1889 {Atklnmn).
On Sallr sp. Macon County, August, 1890 {Carver).
Nebraska. Europe.

Melampsora scolopendri (Fkl.) Farlow.
Ala. Bull. 213.
On Woodwardia areolata. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).

Melampsora crotonis (Cooke) Burrill.

Cornell Bull. 20, as Pucciniastrum vrotonis (Burrill) DeToni.

On stems of Croton. Madison County, Huntsville, September 9, 1892 (Atkinson).

PUCCINIASTRUM Ottb.

Pucciniastrum vacciniorum (Link) Dietel.

Ala. Bull. 218, as Thecopsora vaccinorum (Link) Karst.

On Vaccinimn corymhosiim, erroneously reported as Xoliama liquslrina. Lee County,
October, 1896 (Earle).

Pucciniastrum agrimoniae-eupatoriae (DC.) Lagerb,

Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Bull. 22. In botb as Caeoma a^rimon/rte Scbw.

On leaves oi Agrimonia parvtjiora. Lee County, Auburn, November 2, 1891 (Duggar).

On Agrimoniu mollis ( ?). Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood c)'- Earle).

Family PUCCINIACEAE.

GYMNOSPORANGIUM Hedw. f.

Gymnosporangium clavipes C. & P.
Ala. Bull. 212; same, 218, as lloesielia aiirantiaca Peck. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Juniperus virginiana. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson) ; Lee County, 1892 (Duggar).
In tbe Roestelia stage :
On Cydonia vulgaris. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson, Xewmaii).
On Crategus. Lee County 1891, 1892 (Atkinson); Benton County, 1891, 1892

(Duggar).
On Cydonia japonica (Atkinson),
Very common.
New .Jersey.

Gymnosporangium globosum Farlow.
Ala. Bull. 212.
On Juniperus virginiana. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underu^ood tf- Earle).

Gymnosporangium macropus Link.

Ala. Bull. 212; same, 218, as Roestelia pirata (Scbw.) Thaxter. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Juniperus virginiana. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson).
In tbe Koestelia stage:
On Mains coronnria and M. mains. Lee County, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Crataegus sputhulata. Lee County, October, 189.5 ( Underwood).
On Malus angustifolia. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood »V' Earle).
On Mains coronaria. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood »)• Earle).
New Jersey.

' This host must be P. heterophyUa, P. grandidentata not being known to occur in
Alabama.

1 SCi ri.ANT \.\VK OF AI.AItAMA.

Gymiiospoiangiuin iiidus-aviB lliaxti r.
Al:i. hiill.JlL'.

< Ml ./nnipcriiH rir<iiitiiiii<i. Let- ('niiiits. .M:urli, \S'.U\ ( I niliriviiuil .)• Eitrle\.
Kare.

Gyninosporangium flaviforiuis (Atkiiiuou).

Ala. Hull. 211', a» ('lymnnHporniuiium sp. ; Ala. Bull. lilK, a.s J.'oeiililia JlaiifnrmlH
AtkiiiKon.

On ./iinipenis viifliniantt. Ltc County, March, 189«> ( Underwood .f- ICarlt).
In thi- Kot'Stelia «ta;,'e:
Oil ('lattteniix 8)>alliiiliil(i. Lt;e C-'oiinty, October, 18!t."» ( I'ndenrood).
The suMju'CtiMl couiR'utiou lietwi-eu the awcidial .lud teI«MitoM|i()iii- CurniH 1ms lieeii
abuudautly proved by cultural expcriuiciitH conducted liy Dr. K<daud Tliaxtcr at
Cambridge au<l by the writer (F. S. Earle) at Auburn. \ full description \h iu pnpa-
ration by Dr. Thaxter.

UROMYCES i-ink.

Uromyces andropogonis Tracy.

Ala. Bull. 21it. Cornell Bull. 20.

On Aiidropoyon riryiiticus. Lee County, 1891 {Ihujgar) ; Macon County, Aujjust, 1H96
{('(trver).

On Andropogon sp. Lee County, October, 1895 ( I'ndenvood).

Uromyces elegaus (B. «.V C.) Lagerh.

Ala. Bull. 220, as U. mediaujinix-falcatue (DC.) Winter. Cornell Bull. 20, as U.
irifolii (Hedw.) Lev.
On Trifolhnn caroUnianum. Lee County, 1890 {Aikinsun).

Uromyces eragrostidis Tracy.
Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 20.
On Kranrontin tenuis. Lee County, Anbnrn, October 11, 1891 (Diu/gar).

Uromyces euphorbiae (Schw.) B. &, C.

Cornell Bull. 20.

On leaves of Euphorbia nutans. Lee County, Auburn, Octol>er, Xoveuiber, 1891
{Dui/f/ar).

Nebraska.

Uromyces hedysari-paniculati (Schw.) Farlow.

Peters coll., as Iredo uppendhidata. Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 21.

On Meibomia rotuudifolia. Macon County, .Vugust, 1890 (Carver).

On Meibomia paniculata. Lee County, September 13, 1891 (Atkin-wn).

On Meibomia. 1858 {Peters). Crenshaw County, Lapine, September 8, IHW {Atlhi-
son); Perry County, 1891 (Atkinson).

Louisiana, Ohio, Nebraska.

Uromyces hyperici (Schw.) Curt.

Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 20.

On leaves and stems of [[ypericuui mutilum. Prague .Junction, September (!, 1890
(Atkinson); Lee Couuty, Auburn, October 29, November 1.'), 1891 {Dugqar, Atkinson) ;
October, 1896 (Aar/e).

On Hypericum virginicum. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Underwood).

New Jersey, Ohio.

Uromyces junci Desm.
Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 21.

On stems of Juncus sp. Lee Couuty, Auburn, August, November, 1891 (Atkinson).
Nebraska.

Uromyces lespedezae (Schw.) Peck.

Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 20.'

On Lespede:a procumt>ens. Lee County, 1891 (Xewman, Duggar).

On Lt8pede:a liirta. Lee County, autuuni, 1891 (Atkinxnn).

On Lespedeza repens. Lee County, autumn (Atkinson).

On Lespedeza stuvci and Jy. virginica. i^ee County, autumn, 1X90 (Atkinson).

On Lespedeza violacea, L. reticulata, and L. capitatu. Lee County, Auburn, autumn
(Atkinson).

On Lespedeza sp. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).

Ohio, New Jersey, Nebraska.

• See also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb. Fries. 38.

FTTNni. 187

Uroniyces niinutus Dietel.
Cornell Bull. 21.
On Carcx sp. Loe County, Auburn, August 27, IHtll (hu(j<iar).

Uromyces phaseoli (Pers.) Winter.

Peters coll., as Uredo leguminosorum. Ala. Bull. 219. (Cornell Bull. 20. In both as
r . uppendUtilatnft (Pers.) Link.

(^n Fhaseohis viilnaris, the pole beau. Mobile County, 1890 (Atkinson). Lee ( 'ctunty,
Aul>urn, .July to October, 1890 (Atkinson).

On I'haseolus sp. (Beaumont).

Europe.

Uromyces poly goui (Pers.) Fkl.

Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell Bull. 20.

On leaves of Polygonum setaceum. Lee County, Auburn, June, 1890, .'>epteniber 8,
1891 (Atkinson).

On Polygonum sp. Lee County, Auburn. August 18, 1891 (Duggar) : Hale County,
Gallion, 1892 (Duggar).

^evr .Jersey, Nebraska.

Uroniyces rhynchosporae E. & E.

Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell Bull. 20.

On liyncKospora glomerata . Lee County, Auburn, .July to October, 1890-91 ( Duggar,
Atkinson).

On Uynchospora sp. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).

Uromyces spermacoces (Schw.) Curt.

Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell Bull. 20.

On Diodia teres. Macon County, 1891 (Atkinson); October, 1896 (Carver). Lee
County, Auburn, July 25, 1890 (Atkinson); 1893 (Duggar).

Uromyces toxicodendri Berk. & Rav.

GreAillea, 3: 58, as Pileolaria breviues Berk. & Eav. Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell
Bull. 21. In the two latter as V. terebinthi (DC.) Winter.

On lUius toxicodendron (Beaumont). Perry County, Uniontown, July 2, 1890 (At'ciu-
son); Lee County, Auburn, October 28, 1891 (Atkinson).

New Jersey.

Uromyces trifolii (A. &, S.) Winter.

Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell Bull. 20.

On TrifoUum hybridum. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

On TrifoUum pratense. Lee County, 1891 (Neumian, Duggar); Ma«lison County,
May, 1896 ( Underwood iS' Earle).

On TrifoUum s\). Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson).

Nebraska. Europe.

PUCCINIA Pers.
Pucciuia americana Lagerh.

Ala. Bull. 213, as P. andropogi Schw.

On Andropogou argyraeus. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

On Andropogon furcatus and A. scoparius. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).

On Andropogon virginicus. Lee County, December, 1895 ( P>jdis?'wood) : ^Nlarch, 1896
( I'nderwood cf Earle).

On Andropogon sp. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).

Our Alabama material seems to belong to this species rather than to /'. andropogi,
as the two are distinguished bj' Lagerheim.

Puccinia amorphae Curt.
Ala. Bull. 220, under I'ropyxis.
On Amorpha fruticosa. Macon County, 1890 (Atkinson); Lee County, October,

1895 (Earle).

Puccinia angustata Peck.

Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Bull. 19.

On >Scir2)us cgperinus eriophorum. Lee County, Auburn, November 8, 1891 (Atkin-
son).

Puccinia argentata (Schultz) Winter.

Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Bull. 18.

On leaves of Jmpatiens biflora. Lee Countv, Parkinson's Mill, nesir Auburn, June
30, 1890, October 11, 1891 (Atkinson).

New Jersey, Ohio. Euro]ie.

1S8 TT.ANT I.IKK OV AT, A HA AI A.

Puccinia aspciifolia ( I't'in. > Wittm.

Ala. |{iill. 21ti. CoriKOI Hull. IS. In holli as /'. nil)i<i„r, ni ( IKilu sla^re).

(Ml tiitiii milira. Leo ('<miit.v, \X'.H) { .Ithinnitii).

Oil leavfsol" Hoidriim rHli/nn: I'erry Coiiiitv, 1 iiioiitowu, .Inly 1 1, IS'JO {.llkiuxou).

On Srcdic renale. Lee County, .May, 18!)() ( ( ndrruoud ,\ Karlc).

Puccinia asteris Dnby.

Ala. Hull. L'lJ. Cornell Hull. 17.

On Aster sp. Lee County, Auburn, 0<tolier 22, 1X91 { lhi(i<i<ir): Drk.illi County,
Muy, lS!)i; ( liithrwouil).

Lai^iTln'im ' follows Dietcl rat lit-rdoulil liilly in ifl'iTiinfi; lioni alHn /'. xiljihii Srliw.
and /'. janthii Schw.

Ohio, Nebraska. Europe.

Puccinia atkinsonii Dietel.

Conudl Hull. l!t.

On Citrej- lurida. Lee County, Auburn, August 29, October 11, 1891 {Afhhixon)',
Sejiteinber 22, 1891 (l)uggar). Dekalb County, M.ay, 1896 ( UiitUncood).

Puccinia caricis (Sebum.) Kebent.
Ala. Hull. 214. Cornell Hull. 18.
On Cinr.i- lurida. Lee County, 1891 (AtKinson),
On Carer sp. Lee County, August 29, 1891 ( Dugcjar).
New .Jersey. Enro]»e.

Puccinia clavispora Ell. & Bartli.

Ala. Hull. 214.

On Chrysopogon arenaceus. Lee County, December, 189.5 ( Undertvood) ; March, 1896
( Underwood .(■ Earh). Macon County, August, 1896 (Carrer).

Puccinia convolvuli Cast.
Ala. Hull. 214.

On CoiiroUulus sp. l)ek;ilb County, May, 1896 ( Vnderuood).
Nebraska. Europe.

Puccinia emaculata 8chw.

Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Hull. 17.

On I'anicnm maximum.- Lee County, 1891 (Ditf/ffar, Xenman).

On I'anieum virgatian. Lee County, September 14, 1891 {Athinson); Marr-h, 1896
( Underwood .V' Earle).

« )hio, Nebraska.

Puccinia fuirenae Cooke.

Ala. Hull. 214. Cornell Bull. 18.

On the leaves, sheaths, and culms of Fuireua sp. Lee County, Auburn, November
Z,imV{Duggar).

On Fuirena squarrosa. Lee County, .Inly, 1896 ( Underwood .( Earle,).

Puccinia hellanthi Schw.

Ala. Hull, 217, as /'. ianaeeti DC. Cornell Bull. 17.

On Helianthus angustifolius. Lee County, Auburn, October 15, 1891 {AtkinHon).

On Helianthus annuus. Lee County, Auburn, August 24,1891 {Atkinson).

On Helianthus tuberosus. Lee County, Auburn, Seiiteniber 10,1891 (Atkinson)',
Maoou County, August, 1896 (Carver).

On Helianthus sp. Lee County, IHdO (Atkinson) .

New .Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska. I-lurope.

Puccinia heterospora B. iV C.

Ala. Hull. 214. Cornell Hull. 18.

On Sidasjnnosa. Montgomery County, 1891 (Atkinson). Lee County, October, 189.5
(Earle).

Puccinia hieracii (Schum. ) Mart.

Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Hull. 18.

On leaves, stems, and bracts of Sitilias caroliniana. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson)]
1891 (Newman).

On Curduus sp. Lee County, Auburn, October 28, 1891 (Atkinson).

New Jersey, Nebraska. Europe.

'Uredin. Herb. Fries. 50. ^gee below, Puccinia rirgatu.

FUNGI. 18 V)

Puccinia hydrocotyles (Mont.) Cooke. '

Ala. Bull. 215. Cornell Bull. 18.

On Hydrocotyle umhellata. Lee County, Auhiun. November fl. 1891 (Dufjijar).
Puccinia investita Schw.

Ala. Bull. 215.

On Gnaphalinm purpureum. Lee County, 18y0 (^Atkinsov).

Puccinia lateiitia B. & C.

Kav. Fnng. Car. Exsic. 3:93. Ala. Bull. 215.'
On Spermacoce glabra (Peters).

Puccinia lobeliae Gerard.

On Lohelia puherula, Lee County {Earle cS' Baker).
Puccinia menthae Pers.

Ala. Bull. 215. Cornell Bull. 18.

On Salvia azurea grandijiora. Van Dorn County, August 15, 1894 {Diujgar).

On Koellia sp. Montgomery County, Highland Park, October, 1891 (Atkinson);
Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).

New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska. Europe.

Puccinia minuta Dietel.
Cornell Bull. 19.
On Carex rerruco-sa. Lee County, Auburn, August 29, 1891 (Atkim^nv).

Puccinia uigro-velata Ell. & Tracy.
Cornell Bull. 18.

On Cyperus retrofractus. Lee County, Anburn, .September 12, 1891 (Duggar^.
On Cyperus rotimdus. Lee County, Auburn, September 12, 1891 (Duggar).
On Cyperus echinatH 8. Liee County, August, 1897 (Earle ij' Baker).
This, is said by Arthur to be the same as /'. cyperi Arth.

Puccinia panici Dietel.

On Panicum virgatum. Lee County, October, 1897 (Earle <S- Baker),
Puccinia poculiformis (Jacq.) Willd.

Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Bull. 19. In both as P. graminis Pers.

On Sporoholiis asper. Lee County, 1889 (Newman) .

Ou leaves oi Secale cereale. Lee County^ Auburn, P"'ebruary 14, 1890 (Atkinson),

On Sieglingia seslcrioides. Lee County, October, 1895 ( Underwood).

On Triticum vuJgare. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood if- Earle).

On Hordeum vidgare. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood 4'- Earle).

This determination needs revision. It is probable that as the species is now under-
stood some of these specimens should be excluded.

Puccinia podophylli Schw.

Ala. Bull. 215.

On Podophyllum peltatum. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood 4'- Earle) ; Hale
County, May, 1896 ( Underwood) ; Madison County, May, 1896 ( Underwood) ; Dekalb
County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).

Ohio.

Puccinia polygoni-amphibii Pers.
Ala. Bull. 215.

On Polygonum sp. Lee County, 1889 (Atkinson).

On Polygonum pennsylvanicum. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson), 1891 (Duggar).
Nebraska. Europe.

Puccinia polysora Underwood, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 :86. 1897.

Ala. Bull. 215. Cornell Bull. 18.

On Tripsacum dactyloides. Lee County, Auburn, October 14, 1891 (Duggar) ; Mobile
County, October, 1896 (S. M. Tracy).

Puccinia pruni-spinosae Pers.
Ala. Bull. 216. Cornell Bull. bs.

On leaves of Prunus americana. Lee County, Anburn, October 29, 1891 (Duggar).
On leaves of Prunus serotina. Lee County, Auburn, October o, 1891 (Duggar).
On leaves o{ I'runus angustifolia. Lee County. Auburn, October25, 1890{Atkinxon),
On leaves of Amygdalus pcrsica. Macon County, Octobi^r, 1896 (Carver).
Nebraska. Europe. ^

' See also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb, Fries. 63.

r.M) IM.ANT I. IKK <»K ALABAMA.

Pucciiiia purpurea Cooko.

Al.i. HiilI.LMt;. ('..inoll Hull. V.K

Oil Sorffhiiiit lialfiioiHi: I'rrry ('oiiiitv. 1 iiioiitowii, ( ittdluT, 1S!»L' { I)u;i;inr); Miiron
C'Dimty, Octohor, ISIKi {('arnr).

Puccinia rbamiii (I'eis. ) Wittst.

C'i>rnt'll Hull, li), as I'.curonata Corda.

On leaves of I re/irt satira. Lfc Coimt.v. Aiiimrii. H|iniii;. IS'.Ki { AtkiiiHoii).

Ohio, N«'\v .Icr8oy.

Puccinia sanguiiiea Dietel.

Cornell Hull. 19.

On S„)iiliuiii nih/are, the Kalir coni. l.co Comity, Auluini, Di-ctiuilMT 22, IXHS
(.Itkinsou).

Puccinia saniculae (Jrev.

Ala. Bull. L'Ki.

Ou Saniciila sp. Lee County, 1S91 ( lleiitun); Hale ('oiiiity,May ."), 1896( rtK/cncoo*/) ;
Tuacaloosa County, 1896 ( Earh).

Puccinia seymeriae lUirrill.

Cornell Bull. 19.

On leaves of Gerardia teniiifolia. Perry County, Uuioutowu, Septeiuher 1, 1894.

Determined by Mr. Diiggar.

Puccinia silphii Schw.'

Ala. I '.nil. L'Ki. Cornell Bull. 18.

On Silphiiim laevigaliim. Lee Coiuity, Auburn, .July, 1891 {-IlkinHon).

On iSilphium usterisi-iis. Lee County, April, July, 1896 ( Underwood <>■ Earh).

Ohio, Nebraska.

Puccinia sorghi Schw.

Ahi. Bull. 215, 216, partly as /'. maydh Carradori. Cornell Bull 17.

On Sorf/hnm cernuum. Lee County, 1888 [Xcwman).

On leaves of Zea inai/x. Lee Comity, Auburn, 1889 {Aikinsoin ; August, 1891 {\eiv-
maii). Montgomery County, Mathew.s, October 10, 1891 {Atkinson).

New .lereey, Ohio, Neltraska. Europe.

Puccinia spegazzinii De Toni.

Ala. Bull. 216. Cornell Bull. 18.

Ou U'illitijhbiia scandins. Lee County, Auburn, August, September, November,
1891 ( I>u(j<iar)'.

Puccinia spermacocis B. &. C.
Grevillea, 3 : 53. Ala. Bull. 216.
On SpermcKoce glabra {Peters).
Probably the same as /'. lateritia, or possibly only I romyccs spermacoces.

Puccinia stromatica B. A. C.
Grevillea, 3 : 53. Ala. Bull. 216.-'
On stems of Clematis sp. ( Peters).

Puccinia verbesinae Schw.

Ala. Bull. 211, under Aecidium. Cornell Bull. 19.-

On leaves of V'erbesina ocvidentalis. Mobile Comity, .July 14, 1890 (Atkinson); De-
kalb County, July, 1896 ( I'ndvrwood <S- Earle).

Puccinia violae (Schum.) DC.

Ala. Bull. 217. Cornell Bull. 17.

On ]'iola sp. Lee County, Auburn, January 23,1890 (Atkinson); .July 22, 1890
(Atkinson); November 9, 1891 (Atkinson).

On Viola blanda. Winston County, June, 1896 ( I'ndvrwood).

Nebraska. Europe.

Puccinia virgata Ell. & Ev.

Ou I'anicum virgatnm. Lee County, .January, 1897 (Earle <S- Baker).

It is i>robable that some of the specimens on this host material cited in Alabama
Bulletin, page 21 L and Cornell Bulletin, i)age 17. under I', emacnlata belong here.

' See note under /'. asteris. *See also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb, Fries.

FUNGI. 191

Puccinia windsoriae Schw.

Ala. Hull. 214. Coruell Bull. 17. In both as P. emucuhtia.

On Sieglingia seslerioides. Lee County, Auburn, October 7, 1891 {Atkhinon); Sep-
tember 30, 1891 (Xewman).

Puccinia xanthii Scbw.

Ala. Bull. 217. Cornell Bull. 17.

On Xaiithium canadense. Perry Courtv, 1891 {Xewman); Macon County, August
1S96 (Carver).

On ]ea\ es of Xanthimn strumarimn. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Jlkinaon);
October, November, 1895 ( Underwood).

Louisiana, Ohio, New Jersey, Nebraska.

Puccinia xanthii ambrosiae Berk. & Eav.

Cornell Bull. 17.

On leaves of Ambrosia trijida. Montgomery County, Pikoroad, July 9, 1891 {Athin-
8on); Montgomery County, Hope Hull, August, 1891 (Aikinson).

GYMNOCONIA Lagerh.

Gymnoconia hyptidis (Curt.) Lagerh. Uredo hyptidis Curt.

Lagerheim, Urediu. Herb. Fries.

On Mesoaphaer am rugoswm {Hyptis radiata). Specimens in the herbarium of Fries
communicated by M. A. Curtis.

Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schlecht.) Lagerh.

Ala. Bull. 211, as Caeoma nitens Schw. Cornell Bull. 18, as Puccinia pekiaiia.

On loaves of Pubus triviaJis. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson) ; Mobile County, 1891
(Zimmer).

On Pnbus aryutus {B. villosns). Lee County, 1891 {Atkinson).

On Pubiis sp. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).

PHRAGMIDIUM Link.

Phragmidium obtusum (Str.) Schum. &, Kunze.

Ala. Bull. 213, as P.fragariastri (DC.) Sohw. Cornell Bull. 17.

On Uuchesnea indica. Uredo stage: Mobile County, April, July, 1891 (Atkiiison);
Lee County, Februarv, April, 1896 ( Underwood tj- Earle) ; Tuscaloosa County, May,
1896 ( Underivood).

Teleutospores not seen.

New Jersey. Europe.

Phragmidium rubi-idaei (Pers.) Wint.
Ala. Bull. 213.

On Pubus cuneifoJius. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood tj- Earle).
Europe.

Phragmidium speciosum Fr.

Ala. Bull. 218, as Uredo miniata.

On Posa humilis. Lee County, May, ISdl (Earle lJ- Baker). Teleutospores on the
stems ; uredospores on the leaves.

New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska.

UREDO Lev.
Uredo alabamensis Dietel.
Cornell Bull. 22.
On Chrysopogon arenaceus. Lee County, Auburu, October, 1891 (Duggar).

Uredo azaleae Schw.

Ala. Bull. 218. Cornell Bull. 22.

On Azalea nudiftora. Lee County, Auburn, November 9, 1891 (Benton).

Uredo fici Cast.

Ahi. Bull. 218. Cornell Bull. 22.

On Eic us car ica. Mobile Conntj (Atkinson) ; Lee County Auburn (J/A'inso//) ; Perry
County, Unioutown (Atkinson).

Louisiana.

Uredo muhlenbergiae Dietel.
Cornell Bull. 22.
On leaves oi Muhlenbergia diffusa. Lee County, Auburn, August 31, 1890 ( A Ikinsuu).

1 '••■_' ri.AN'l' MKK <»!• A LA 15AM A.

Uiedo niuelleii Si lii(t(«t.

Cunii'll Hiill.U'L'.

On lt'avi'8 oIJi'h/m/.s «»•(////«« (A'. vHIohuh). Lim- County, Aul)iirii, ;iMtiiimi i .llkiiiHan).

Uiedo qiiercus Knuid.

Al;i. Itull.L'Ht. Cornell liuil. I'L'.

On U';ivi> of (JmrciiM nlha. Ltc (bounty, Anlmrn, .'>(i)lfinlier 13. IXJtl (Alkiiison ).

On leaves of (Jiwrciin minor. Lee C-'onnty, Aulnirn. Oitober :<, ISHl { .llhinHuii ).

Ou \vii\ti» oi' (Juenii8 tiiijra {(,>. aijtuitica). Lee County, Auburn, Noveinlier 5, l><;tl
{l>H;ig(i)).

oil leaves of Qturvtis sj). Lee County, ATiburn, October 25, 181)1 {AtkiHuuii).

PERIDERMIUM Chov.

Peiideiniiuin cerebrum I'eck.
Ala Bull. IMS. Cornell l?nn.22.

On Pinits iaeila. Lee County. Ayiril, 18!)fi ( Undenvood iS' Earle).
On Piniis echinaia. Lee County. IWUi ( Underwood .y- Earle).
( )u I'intis riryiniand. Winston County, June, 189G ( Underwood).
New Jersey.

Peridermium orientale Cooke.

Ala. Bull. L'lH. Cornell Bull. 22.

On leaves of I'inns Heroiina. Lee County, Anbnrn, spring, 1891 ( AlHnxon).

On Finns iaeda. Lee County, April. 18% ( Underwood .V- Earle).

On PinHH paluxiris. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earh-).

On /'in»«sp. Macon County, April, 1896 (Underwood); Dekalb County, May, 1896
(Underwood).

AECIDIUM Pers.
Aecidium asterum Sclnv.

Ala. BulL 20S. Cornell Bull. 21.

On Jsler sp. Dekalb Clonntv , May, 1896 ( Underwood).

On Solidiujo eanadensxH. Lee County, 1892 (J>n<j</ar).

On Solidaf/o sp. Lee County, 1891 (Xetvvian tj- Duggar); Dallas County, May, 18%
(Underwood); Dekalb County, May 1896 {Undwwood).

Ohio, Nebraska.

Aecidium compositarum Mart.

Ala. Bull. 208.

On Enpatoriiim purpnreum. Dekalb County, May, 1896 (Underwood).

On Eupatorium rerbenaefoUnm. Dekalb County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).

On HelianilmH sp. Madison County. May, 1896 ( Underwood).

On Silphium sp. Leo County, May, 1896 ( Underwood <)'■ Earle).

Louisiana, Ohio, New Jersey, Nebraska.

Aecidium epilobii DC.
Ala. Bull. 209. Cornell Bull. 21.

On Oenothera laciniata. Lee County, Auburn, April, May, 1892 {Atkinson).
Ohio. Europe.

Aecidium euphorbiae Gniel.
Ala. Bull. 209. Cornell Bull. 21.

On leaves of Eujjhorbia nutans. Lee County, Auburn, November 11, 1891 (Atkinson).
Ohio, New Jersey, Nebraska. Europe.

Aecidium fraxini Scliw.

On Fraxinnx sp. Lee County, June, 1897 (Earle <\- Baker).

Aecidium gerardiae Peck.

Ala. Bull. 209.

On Basijstomajlaca. Madison County, May. 1896 ( Underwood).

Aecidium gnaphaliatum S( Inv.

Ala. Bull. 209.

On Gnaphaliwm purpureum. Lee County. Jul^\, 1896 ( Underwood .(• Earle).

Aecidium hibisciatum Schw.
Ala. Bull. 209.'
On Hibiscus escnlentns (I'eters).

I See also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb. Fries.

FUNGI. 193

Aecidium houstoniatum Schw. ( f)

Ala. Bull. 209, as A. oldenlandianum Ell. & Tracy, Cornell Bull. 21.

On leaves of Houstonia patens. Lee County, Auburn, Februaiy 1(3, 1890 (^ttkiuson).

The specific position of these specimens is uncertain. They differ widely from the
tropical A. houstoniatum, hut they are certainly not A. oldenlandianum, which is on a
very different host (Earle).

Aecidium hydnoideum B. & C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 4 : 94. Ala. Bull. 209. '

On Direa paluatria (Peters). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Ohio.

Aecidium hypericorum B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 209.
On Hypericum sp. ( Peters). A doubtful species.

Aecidium impatientis Schw.

Ala. Bull. 209. Cornell Bull. 21.

On Impaiiens aurea. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <f' Earle) ; Dekalb County,
May, 1896 ( Underwood).

On leaves of Impatlens bifiora. Lee County, Auburn, April 22, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Lee
County, Parkinson's Mill near Auburn, spring, 1890 (Atkinson).

Ohio, Nebraska.

Aecidium leucostictum B. &, C.

Ala. Bull. 209.

On various species of Lespedeza. Dekalb County, May, 1896 ( Undertvood) ; Madison
County, ilay, 1896 ( Underwood).

Aecidium lycopi Gerard.
Ala. Bull. 209.
On Lycopus virginicus. Lee County, May, 1892 (Duggar).

Aecidium mariae-'wrilsoni Peck.

Peters coll. No. 196, as Aecidium petersii B. & C. Ala. Bull. 209.

On Viola papilionacea ( I', obliqua). Lee County, April, 1896 ( T'nderwood cf- Earle).

This is probably the true A. petersii; see note uuder that species. Our Aecidia on
species of Viola are greatly in need of revision.

New York.

Aecidium orobi B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 209.
A doubtful species. On Meibomia sp. (Peters).

Aecidium pentstemonis Schw.
Ala. Bull. 210.

On Pentstemon hirsutus. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood iS' Earle).
Nebraska.

Aecidium petersii B. & C.

Ala. Bull. 210.2

On Fiola sp. (Peters).

Theredescription of this species by Lagerheim and the specimens preserved in the
Peters collection under this name (see Ala. Bull. 209) both go to show thai it is the
species commonly called A. mariae-wilsoni Peck by American authors. The speci-
mens on Viola pedata, Alabama Bulletin 210, can not therefore belong here. They
should probably be considered as the type of a new species.

Aecidium plantaginis Ces.

Ala. Bull. 210. Cornell Bull. 21.

On Plantago virginica. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood ,S' Earle). Only once
found.

Aecidium proserpinacae B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 60. Ala. Bull. 210.
On leaves of Proserpinaca sp. (Beaumont).

' See Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb. Fries. 102.
2 gee also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb. Fries.

15894 13

l'.>4 PLANT LIFK OK ALABAMA.

Aecidium pteleae 1?. A- ('.

(;rfvillra. 3:ti0. Ala. Hull. 210. Cornell Mull. 21.
< Ml loaves of I'tiUit sp. ( I'eteis).

On leftv»'8 of rirlea tri/oUuia. Lee County, Wriglife Mill near Auburu, .July 8, IH'M
(Piiiifiiir .y- \finnan).

Aecidium puuctatum Pera.

Ala. Hull. 210.

(^n Aiinuoiie decapetala. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Undernoud .»■ Earle).

Ohio, Nebraska. Kurope.

Aecidium sambuci Schw.

Ala. Hull. 211. Cornell Hull. 21.

On Sanibiicus canadensis (Peters). Lee County, Auburn, April, I8i)2 {Atkinson); Lee
County. March, 1894 (^Quaintance).

Ohio, Nebraska.

Aecidium saniculae Carin.
Ala. Hull. 211.
On Sanicula sp. Lee County, March, April, 1896 ( Undenoood 4- Karle).

Order AURICULARI^I^ES.

Family AURICULARIACEAE.

AURICULARIA Bull.

Auricularia auricula-judae (L.) Schroet.
Peters coll. 8. Ala. Bull. 220, under Himeola.
1864 (Peters).

On Hicoria sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Earle).
Texas, New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska. Europe.

Auricularia auriformis Schw.
Cornell Bull. 24, under Hirneola.

On decaying branches. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Ohio.
It is very doubtful if this is really different from the last species.

Auricularia scutelliformis H. & C.
Grevillea, 2 : 19. Ala. Hull. 220, under Hirneola.
On branches of Asimina (Peters).

Family PILACRACEAE.

PILACRE Fr.
Pilacre faginea (Fr.) B. «S:. Br.

Peters coll. 1 : 195, under Onegyna. Ala. Bull. 222.

Pilacre petersii B. «fe C.

Rav. Fling. Car. Exsic. 3 : .39. Ala. Bull. 222.

On Ilex opaca (Peters).

On Carpinus. 1865 (Peters).

Europe.

Order TRETvlELLALES.

Family TREMELLACEAE. •

EXIDIA Fr.
Exidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 221.

On Alnus sp. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underivood ^- Earle).
On Quercus sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( l-nderwood <y- Earle).
On Liquidambar. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underivood ^- Earle).
South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, New England. Europe.

1 These determinations are tentative only. The American species of jelly fungi
are greatly in need of critical study.

FUNGI. 195

Exidia truncata Fr.

Ala. Bull. 221; partly (p. 222) as Ulocolla foliacea (Pers.) Bref, ? Cornell Bull. 21.
On Vitis rottindifolia. Lee County, June 3, 1892 (Atlcin8on) ; February, 1896 ( Under-
wood <S' Earle).
On Alnus sp. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood cf Earle).
On Quercus sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undertvood Jj- Earle).
Pennsylvania, Ohio. Europe.

TREMEIiLA Dill.

Tremella dependeus B. & C.
Grevillea, 2 : 19. Ala. Bull. 221.
On Liriodendrou (Peters).

Tremella eucephala Willd.
Grevillea, 2:20. Ala. Bull. 221. In both under Naematelia.
On Quercus (Peters).
New Jersey, New England.

Tremella gigantea B. & C.

Grevillea, 2 : 19. Ala. Bull. 221.
(Peters.)

Tremella mesenterica Retz.

Ala. Bull. 221. Cornell Bull. 24.

On decaying wood. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1891 (Atlcinson).

On Alnus sp. Lee Couuty, December, 1895 ( Undericood) ; February, 1896 (Under-
wood tf- Earle).

North Carolina, Ohio. Europe.

Tremella nucleata Schw.

Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 4:82. Ala. Bull. 221, under Naematelia.

On Tilia americana (Peters).

South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio.

Tremella virens Schw.
Cornell Bull. 24.
On decaying oak branches. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1891 (Atkinson).

Tremella sp.
Peters coll. No. 96. Ala. Bull. 221.
On rotten wood of Hicoria alba ( Peters).

TREMELLODON.

Tremellodon gelatinosum (Scop.) Pers.

Peters coll. No. 62, under Hyduum. Ala. Bull. 222.

On Pinus sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underioood cf- Earle).

Europe.

Order DACRYOTvlYCETALES.

Family DACRYOMYCETACEAE.

DACRYOMYCES Nees.

Dacryomyces aurantia (Schw.) Farlow.
Cornell Bull. 24.

On (lead wood. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
South Carolina.

Dacryomyces azaleae Schw.
Cornell Bull. 24.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).

Dacryomyces chrysocomus (Bull.) Tul.

Ala. Bull. 222.

On rotten wood of Pinus sp. Lee County, January, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f'
Earle).

Ohio. Europe.

19(> PLANT LIKK <>F ALAMAMA.

Dacryomyces deliqiiescens ( Hull.) iMih.
Ala. Hnll.L'L'J.

On rottou wood of I'iiins 8p. Lee Coiiufy, March, IXiM! ( I'ndcmooii .V Enrle).
Louisiana, South Carolina, New .Jersey, Ohio.

Dacryomyces epiphyllus Scliw.
Cornell Hull. 'J 1.
On leaves of Arnndinaria tecta. Loe County, Auburn, Novcinber H, 1H!(1 i .Hkiuson t.

Dacryomyces stillatus Nees.

Ala. Muil.L'L'L'.

On rotten i)iuo, and on other wood. Lee County, February, 18% {L'ndenrojd .|-
Earlc).

South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, New En;:!;land. Europe.

GUEPINIA Fr.

Guepinia elegans B. & C.

l\a\ . Fung. Car. Kxsic. 5 : 23. Ala. Hull. 222.
{Peters.)

Guepinia petaliformis B. «fc C.
Gr.'villea. 2 : 5. Ala. Bull. 222.
On (lead wood {I'eters).

Guepinia spathularia (Schw.) Fr.

Ala. Bull. 223. Cornell Bull. 24.

Lee County, Auburn, 1890 {.l1kit)son).

On Finns. Lee County. December, 1896 (Earle).

On various woods. Lee County, November, December, 189.5 ( Vndenoood) ; July, 1896
{Underwood iV Korle).

Texas, Louisiana, Ohio, New Jersey.

ARRHYTIDIA Berk.
Arrhytidia flava B. «& C.
Ala. Bull. 222.
On rotten wood of Pinus. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .)• Earle).

Arrhytidia fulva B. & C.

Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 222.

On rotten wood of Pinus {Peters). Lee County, .January, 1896 {Underwood 4"
Earle).

Order EXOBASIDIALES.

Family EXOBASIDIACEAE.

EXOBASIDIUM Woron.

Exobasidium andromedae Peck.
Ala. Bull. 227. ■

On Xolisma ligustrina. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Earle).
New Jersej'.

Exobasidium azaleas Peck.

Ala. Bull. 227.

On calyces of Azalea nudifiora. Lee County, 1892 (Benton) ; April, 1896 C Underwood
4- Earle).

Exobasidium discoideuni Ellis.

Ala. Bull. 227.

On leaves oi Azalea nudijlora. Lee County, April, May, 1896 ( I nderwood <f- Earle) ;
Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).

New Jersey.

Exobasidium vaccinii (Fkl.) Woron.

Ala. Bull. 227.

On flowers of Gaylussacia frotidosa. Lee I'ouuiy, May, 1S96 { Undernood c^- Earle).

On leaves of Vacciniura. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Undencood <)• Earle).

New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.

FUNGI. 197

MICROSTROMA Niessl.

Microstroma juglandis (Berengei) Sacc.

Ala. Bull. 138. Cornell Bull. 38.

On living leawea of Hicoria alba. Lee County, Auburn, April 2S,1S90 (Atkinson);
Perry County, Uniontown. July 12, 1890 {Atkinson).

Order HYNIETMIALES ( Agaricales) .
Family HYPOCHNACEAE.

HYPOCHNUS Khrenb.

Hypochnus antbochrous (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 228.
(Peters.)

Family THELEPHORACEAE.

CORTICIUM Pers.
Corticium armeniacum Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 223.
On Vitis (Peters, Beaitmont) .

Corticium caeruleum (Schracl.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 223.

Lee Couuty, November, 1895 ( Cnderwood) ; January, 1896 ( Underivood S- Earle).
South Carolina, Ohio. Europe.

Corticium calceum (Pers.) Fr,
Ala. Bull. 223.

On Pinns. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood c)' Earle).
Louiaiana, Texas, Pennsylvania. Europe.

Corticium cervicolor B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 179. Ala. Bull. 223.
On smooth wood (Peters).

Corticium chlorinum B. & C.
Grev